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Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 K\u00fcrdistan ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar devam eden, Avrupa\u2019da ise cad\u0131 avlar\u0131n\u0131n deh\u015feti nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda silinen \u015fifac\u0131l\u0131k, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Jeanne Achterberg bunu \u201cKad\u0131nlar her zaman \u015fifac\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerindeki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u00f6ylenceler, ya\u015fam ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn gizemlerini yaln\u0131zca kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bildi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yaln\u0131zca onlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc \u015fifac\u0131l\u0131k sanat\u0131n\u0131 uygulayabildikleri bir zamandan s\u00f6z eder. Kriz ve felaketlerde(baz\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fclere g\u00f6re), kutsal bilgeli\u011fin koruyucusu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bu sayg\u0131n konumu kasten ve zorla ellerinden al\u0131nd\u0131. Ba\u015fka yerlerde, ba\u015fka d\u00f6nemlerde, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u015fifac\u0131l\u0131k mesle\u011fini yasal olarak uygulama haklar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen adet ve dinsel \u00f6\u011fretilerle yava\u015f yava\u015f a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. <\/em><\/strong>S\u00f6zleri ile ifade eder. Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u015fifada kullan\u0131lan simgeler de bunu do\u011frular. Do\u011fum yapan kad\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sahibi oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ve bitkilerin bilgisine sahip olan\u0131n kad\u0131nlar oldu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda buna \u00e7ok fazla \u015fa\u015fmamak gerekir. T\u0131p tarihinde bu gelene\u011fin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc Fatmag\u00fcl Berktay \u201cTarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 antik k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin hastal\u0131klar\u0131 sa\u011falt\u0131c\u0131 \u201cbilge kad\u0131nlar\u0131ndan ve \u201chekim krali\u00e7elerinden Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n \u201ccad\u0131 avlar\u0131na ve ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131 \u201csar\u0131 k\u0131zlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r s\u00f6zleri ile ifade eder.<\/p>\n Mezopotamya\u2019da hekimli\u011fin, tap\u0131nak okullar\u0131nda yeti\u015fen ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 rahip s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Bunlardan B\u0100R\u016alar <\/strong>falc\u0131l\u0131k yoluyla hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tan\u0131s\u0131 konusunda kehanette bulunanlar AS\u016alar<\/strong> bitki, maden, hayvan kaynakl\u0131 ila\u00e7larla hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedaviye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar \u0100S\u0130P\u016alar<\/strong> ise b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck, \u00fcf\u00fcr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck gibi y\u00f6ntemleri kullananlard\u0131r. Mezopotamya t\u0131bb\u0131nda farkl\u0131 mesleki stat\u00fclere sahip hekimler aras\u0131nda A.ZU<\/strong> ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nan kad\u0131n hekimlerin g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n Hattu\u015fa (Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y)\u2019da bulunan ar\u015fiv tabletlerden edinilen bilgilere g\u00f6re Hititlerde hastal\u0131k nedenlerinin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda sihir-b\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra do\u011fal etkenlerin de yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 falc\u0131l\u0131k-kehanet gibi y\u00f6ntemleri kullananlara AZU<\/strong>, ila\u00e7la tedavi yapanlara A.ZU<\/strong> denildi\u011fi, SAL<\/strong> A.ZU<\/strong> ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan grubun ise kad\u0131n hekimleri tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Gebeleri izleyen, do\u011fumlar\u0131 yapt\u0131ran ve bebe\u011fin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in dua eden ebelere ise SAL<\/strong> Hasnupala ad\u0131 verildi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Kil tabletlerde ismi ge\u00e7en di\u011fer kad\u0131n hekimler Makiya, Mammitum-um-mi, Hurili Azzari\u2019dir. <\/p>\n Hitit do\u011fum geleneklerini g\u00f6steren Papanikri Rituali adl\u0131 metinde Hitit kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fum yapmak i\u00e7in gittikleri do\u011fum evinde \u00f6zel bir do\u011fum sandalyesine oturtulduklar\u0131, do\u011fum s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu sandalye k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa u\u011fursuzluk sayd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fum yerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131klar\u0131nda bak\u0131m ve tedavi y\u00fcr\u00fcten kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Krali\u00e7elerin de sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleriyle yak\u0131ndan ilgilendikleri ve adeta sa\u011fl\u0131k tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 olarak alg\u0131land\u0131klar\u0131 dile getirilmektedir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda Krali\u00e7e \u015eubad<\/strong> (\u0130.\u00d6 3000-Ur), Mentuhetep<\/strong>(M.\u00d6.2300)\u00a0 Hat\u015fepsut<\/strong>(M.\u00d6.1500), M\u0131s\u0131r Krali\u00e7esi Polydamna <\/strong>ve Kleopatra<\/strong> (\u0130.\u00d6 100) say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bitkiler konusunda \u00e7ok fazla bilgiye sahip olmas\u0131 ve bitkilere y\u00fckledikleri t\u0131bbi b\u00fcy\u00fcsel anlamlar mitolojik d\u00f6nemin temel \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Adet kanamas\u0131, gebelik ve do\u011fum s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde kullan\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok bitkinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun \u015fifa verme g\u00fcc\u00fcne inan\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Troyal\u0131 Helen (\u0130.\u00d6 2000) bitkilerden ila\u00e7 yapmas\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fc idi Afrodit, Artemis ve Hera do\u011fumun, Hekate \u00e7ocuk hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, Athena k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, Persephone di\u015f ve g\u00f6z hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, Eileithyia ise ebeli\u011fin tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 olarak kabul ediliyordu. <\/p>\n Mitolojik anlat\u0131mlarda tanr\u0131\u00e7al\u0131\u011f\u0131n S\u00fcmer-Babil\u2019de ba\u015flayan ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 gidi\u015finin doruk noktas\u0131na Zeus ve Olympos tanr\u0131-tanr\u0131\u00e7a panteonlar\u0131 ile ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen bir ger\u00e7eklik. Bundan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kad\u0131nlara ait olan hekimlik mesle\u011fi de pay\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Yunan mitolojisinde t\u0131p tanr\u0131s\u0131 olarak bilinen ve ad\u0131na 300\u2019den fazla tap\u0131nak kurulmu\u015f olan Asklepios’un art\u0131k erkek olmas\u0131 da bununla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir geli\u015fmedir. Mitolojilerde tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli simgelerinden birinin y\u0131lan oldu\u011fu biliniyor. Asklepios\u2019un y\u0131lanl\u0131 asas\u0131 ile hekimli\u011fin simgesidir ve t\u0131p sembol\u00fc haline getirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rnektir. Ancak hen\u00fcz t\u00fcmden kad\u0131nlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015ftalanmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek her ne kadar t\u0131p tanr\u0131s\u0131 erkek olsa da k\u0131zlar\u0131 Hygieia , Iaso ve Panacea farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7larda sa\u011fl\u0131k tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. <\/p>\n Yunanca sa\u011fl\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelen Hygieia, Asklepios’un k\u0131z\u0131 ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Hygieia yaln\u0131z hasta insanlara de\u011fil, hayvanlara da bakar, dertlerine deva, hastal\u0131klar\u0131na ila\u00e7 bulur. Hekimlikle ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn tanr\u0131\u00e7alar gibi o da yeralt\u0131 simgeleri ta\u015f\u0131r ve \u00f6zellikle yeralt\u0131 yarat\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6zg\u00fcr\u00fc olan y\u0131lanla bir arada g\u00f6sterilir. Babas\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirme temal\u0131 mitolojik g\u00f6revini Hygieia koruma temal\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. Hijyen kelimesinin etimolojik k\u00f6keni de i\u00e7erdi\u011fi anlam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 zamanda tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n ismi ile \u00f6zde\u015ftir. Hi\u00e7bir efsanesinin olmamas\u0131 da muhtemelen erkek egemenli\u011finin kerametlerinden olsa gerek. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u0131p sembol\u00fc olarak hastane, ambulans ve t\u0131p fak\u00fcltelerinin amblemi haline gelmi\u015f olan iki y\u0131lan\u0131n hikayesi ise \u015f\u00f6yledir Asklepion, tanr\u0131 Asklepios ad\u0131na kurulmu\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn hastanelerini kat be kat a\u015fan g\u00fczellikte ve kapsamdaki tap\u0131naklardan biridir. Kap\u0131s\u0131nda da \u201cburaya \u00f6l\u00fcm giremez yazar. Efsaneye g\u00f6re, derdine deva aramak i\u00e7in Asklepion’a gelen bir hasta, giri\u015fte iki y\u0131lan\u0131n bir ta\u015f oyu\u011funun i\u00e7inden s\u00fct i\u00e7ti\u011fini ve s\u00fct\u00fc zehirleri ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p ta\u015fa geri bo\u015faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tesad\u00fcfen g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hasta, iyile\u015fmeyece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle Asklepion’a al\u0131nmay\u0131nca ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmeden \u00f6lmek umuduyla oyuktaki s\u00fct-zehir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7er, ama \u00f6lmek yerine iyile\u015fir. Y\u0131lan zehrinin \u015fifa verici y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00f6ylece ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc hekimi Bergamal\u0131 Galen Asklepion’un sembol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ifte y\u0131lan olmas\u0131na karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0 <\/p>\n Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kad\u0131nlar\u0131n etkin oldu\u011fu bir alandan bir erkek tanr\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7i\u015fi Asklepion\u2019un sa\u011fl\u0131k tanr\u0131s\u0131 olarak belirlenmesi \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm. Ama ondan da \u00f6nce \u015fifa, do\u011fum, iyile\u015ftirme yap\u0131lan tap\u0131naklardan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131 yada giderek etkilerinin azalmas\u0131 da belirleyici olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130.\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak kad\u0131n\u0131n \u015fifac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na olan sayg\u0131 giderek azalm\u0131\u015f ve erkek hekimler d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r t\u0131bb\u0131nda dinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015fma mumyac\u0131l\u0131k ile anatomi ve cerrahide geli\u015fme, kad\u0131nlara kapal\u0131 t\u0131p okullar\u0131, sadece evde tedavi yapan \u015fifac\u0131 ve ebe kad\u0131nlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen bir s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz t\u0131bb\u0131n\u0131n babas\u0131 olarak kabul edilen Hipokrat da Asklepios oldu\u011fu kabul edilen ve Asklepiades (Asklepios\u2019un \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 yahut \u015fifa verici\u00acler) denilen efsanev\u00ee bir s\u00fcl\u00e2leye veya ta\u00acbipler nesline mensup olup muhtemelen M.\u00d6 460 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kos (\u0130stank\u00f6y) adas\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Kuzey Yuna\u00acnistan\u2019daki Larissa \u015fehrinde M.\u00d6 380-373 aras\u0131ndaki bir tarihte \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve buraya g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hipokrat\u0131n di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi t\u0131bb\u0131 hurefelerden ar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 olarak bilinir. Ancak bilinmeyen bir ger\u00e7eklik de hala t\u0131p eti\u011finin ifadesi olan Hipokrat and\u0131n\u0131n ve Hipokrat gelene\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren hekim ve hekimlik okullar\u0131n\u0131n eril karakteridir. <\/p>\n Hipokrat And\u0131ndaki \u201c \u015eifa verici Apollon ile Asklepios, Hygeia ve Panacea\u00a0 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn di\u011fer tanr\u0131 ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alara ant olsun ki elimden geldi\u011fi ve akl\u0131m\u0131n erdi\u011fi kadar bu yemini b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ile yerine getirece\u011fim. T\u0131p hocam\u0131 anam babam kadar aziz tutaca\u011f\u0131m, elimdeki ve avucumdakini onunla payla\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. E\u011fer bir ihtiyac\u0131 olursa yard\u0131m\u0131na ko\u015faca\u011f\u0131m, o\u011fullar\u0131na kendi karde\u015flerim g\u00f6z\u00fc ile bakaca\u011f\u0131m. E\u011fer isterlerse bu sanat\u0131 \u00fccretsiz ve kendilerinden hi\u00e7bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k beklemeden \u00f6\u011fretece\u011fim. \u00d6ncelikle kendi o\u011fullar\u0131ma, sonra hocam\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na ve nihayet t\u0131p yasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca yaz\u0131l\u0131 taahh\u00fct ve and\u0131 ile beni hocal\u0131\u011fa se\u00e7en talebeme ve yaln\u0131z bunlara mesle\u011fimi \u00f6\u011fretece\u011fim . <\/em><\/strong>S\u00f6zleriyle kad\u0131nlar\u0131n elinden al\u0131nan iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n sadece o\u011fullara \u00f6\u011fretilmesi ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Yani \u00e7ok\u00e7a s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen Hipokrat and\u0131 asl\u0131nda cinsiyet\u00e7idir. Cinsiyet\u00e7i bilime kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden doktorlar\u0131n bunun yerine insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n evrensel de\u011ferlerini temsil edecek yeni bir and\u0131 t\u0131p fak\u00fcltelerine yerle\u015ftirmeleri de bir g\u00f6rev olarak \u00f6nlerinde durmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n Kendi ilmini kad\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmek istemeyen Hipokrat ve onun gelene\u011finden gelen \u00fcnl\u00fc hekimlerin \u015fifac\u0131 kad\u0131nlara olan d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da incelemeye de\u011fer bir konudur. T\u0131bb\u0131 hurafelerden ar\u0131nd\u0131rma olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lsa da asl\u0131nda kad\u0131n hekimlerin g\u00fcc\u00fcnden korku duyulmas\u0131 daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir de\u011ferlendirme olabilir. Hipokrat okullar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc hekimlerinin kad\u0131n \u015fifac\u0131lar konusundaki s\u00f6zleri de bu kad\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Kad\u0131n \u015fifac\u0131lara \u201campirik\u00e7i, zehirci veya fahi\u015fe \u00a0 denilmektedir.\u00a0 Hipokrat ekol\u00fcnden gelen hekimlerden Cato (M.S.150-230) kad\u0131nlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcler diye s\u0131fatland\u0131r\u0131rken,\u00a0 Tertullian (M.S.150-230) kad\u0131n \u015fifac\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00f6ntemleriyle alay eder,\u00a0 Galen (M.S.129-201) ise geleneksel t\u0131bb\u0131 \u201ckocakar\u0131 masallar\u0131\u00a0 ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 \u015farlatanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 diye nitelendirir. <\/p>\n Roma t\u0131bb\u0131nda Hipokratik okullar\u0131n hegemonyas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kendilerine Saga ad\u0131 verilen kad\u0131nlardan Elephantis, Salpe,\u00a0 Sotira re\u00e7eteleri ile \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. M.S 1. Yy ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Africana sara ve k\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131k tedavisinde ba\u015far\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Octavia ve Messalina ise ev hekimli\u011finde isimlerini duyurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Hipokratik okulun \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi erkek t\u0131bb\u0131 bilgi ve yeni bulu\u015flarla an\u0131l\u0131rken, “kad\u0131n t\u0131bb\u0131” ise hurafe anlam\u0131 kazanmaya ba\u015flar.\u00a0 B\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n da verilmesinden sonra Sagalar idam edilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. <\/p>\n Devam Edecek\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n Zozan Sima<\/p>\n K\u00fcrdistan Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi<\/p>\n www.lekolin.org – www.navendalekolin.com – www.lekolin.net \u2013 www.lekolin.info<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \t<\/p>\n