{"id":16509,"date":"2026-07-12T11:48:39","date_gmt":"2026-07-12T09:48:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/?p=16509"},"modified":"2026-07-12T11:49:13","modified_gmt":"2026-07-12T09:49:13","slug":"manifestoya-civaka-demokratik-a-komunal-besa-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/manifestoya-civaka-demokratik-a-komunal-besa-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Man\u00eefestoya Civaka Demokrat\u00eek a Kom\u00fbnal – BE\u015eA 5"},"content":{"rendered":"

PIRSGR\u00caKA ROJHILATA NAV\u00ceN \u00db \u00c7ARESERIYA MODERN\u00ceTEYA DEMOKRAT\u00ceK<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- D\u00eeroka Gerd\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb Rojhilata Nav\u00een<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anal\u00eezkirina d\u00eerok\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee k\u00eamker, balki\u015fandina ser h\u00eaman\u00ean takekes\u00ee y\u00ean wek\u00ee takekes\u00ee, b\u00fbyer, xanedan\u00ee, netewe, dewlet, \u00e7\u00eenat\u00ee \u00fb abor\u00ee, dibe sedema par\u00e7ekirin \u00fb ku\u015ftina rastiy\u00ea. Ev vegotin\u00ean m\u00eet\u00eek ku di bin hegemonyaya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a yekdestdariy\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest de hatine p\u00ea\u015fxistin, wek\u00ee propaganday\u00ea roleke hilwe\u015f\u00eener dil\u00eezin. B\u00ea guman, vegotin\u00ean taybet\u00ee p\u00eaw\u00eest \u00fb gir\u00eeng in. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, r\u00eabaz\u00ean c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr, ji y\u00ean ku li ser n\u00eaz\u00eekatiyek teng a \u00e7\u00eena abor\u00eenas bigire heya y\u00ean di nav n\u00eaz\u00eekatiyek qan\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb netewe-dewlet-navend\u00ee, pergala hilber\u00een\u00ea de, ji dab\u00eenkirina tevah\u00eeya d\u00eerok\u00ea d\u00fbr in. Bi taybet\u00ee r\u00eabaz\u00ean m\u00eekrod\u00eerok\u00ea y\u00ean poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest \u00ean ku her ku di\u00e7e berbelav dibin, xuya dikin ku rola komkujiyek tevah\u00ee ya watey\u00ea girtine ser xwe. Vegotin \u00fb r\u00eabaz\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee b\u00eay\u00ee ku bi herik\u00eena gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ya d\u00eerok\u00ea re werin entegrekirin, xizmeta t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina yekparey\u00ee ya rastiy\u00ea nakin. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, be\u015fa Rojhilata Nav\u00een di nav d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee de ten\u00ea dikare di nav vegotina gerd\u00fbn\u00ee de \u00eefadeya xwe bib\u00eene. Bi rast\u00ee, ew damara sereke ya gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Dawiya Serdema Qe\u015fay\u00ea ya Daw\u00een qonaxek gir\u00eeng e di p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna d\u00eeroka civak\u00ee de. Di d\u00eeroka Rojhilata Nav\u00een de, nemaze q\u00fbntar\u00ean pergala \u00e7iyay\u00ee ya Toros-Zagros \u00fb her\u00eam\u00ean c\u00eeran \u00ean ku w\u00ea dem\u00ea ne \u00e7ol b\u00fbn, ji bo curey\u00ea mirovan pirb\u00fbnek b\u00eahempa ya xwarin, ewleh\u00ee \u00fb h\u00easaniya hilberandin\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kirin. Ev her s\u00ea faktor wek\u00ee \u015fansek b\u00eahempa ya jiyan\u00ea ji bo curey\u00ea mirovan dihatin hesibandin. R\u00eef, ku ji ser\u00ee heta bin\u00ee ji Deryaya Sor, ji q\u00fbntar\u00ean \u00e7iyay\u00ean Deryaya Sp\u00ee ya Rojhilat heta \u00c7iyay\u00ean Toros\u00ea, ji bo curey\u00ea mirovan x\u00eazek berfirehb\u00fbna xwezay\u00ee di\u015fop\u00eene, ku li Rojhilat\u00ea Afr\u00eekay\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea \u00fb p\u00eavajoyek veguherandin\u00ea ya di nava bi m\u00eelyonan salan heye. Bi qas\u00ee ku dikare were destn\u00ee\u015fankirin, her\u00ee k\u00eam milyonek sal in ku mirov li ser v\u00ea r\u00eay\u00ea ber bi Asya \u00fb Ewropay\u00ea ve herik\u00een. Kevana Toros-Zagros her gav di v\u00ea r\u00eaw\u00eetiy\u00ea de rola stasyonek sereke l\u00eestiye.<\/p>\n

Bidestxistina \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean ku may\u00eendey\u00ee di van \u00eestasyonan de gengaz kirin, b\u00fb sedema teq\u00eenek\u00ea di d\u00eeroka curey\u00ea mirovan de, erdn\u00eegariyek ku em niha j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin Rojhilata Nav\u00een. Ev her\u00eam gir\u00eengiya xwe ya jeoloj\u00eek, biyoloj\u00eek \u00fb civak\u00ee ji v\u00ea rastiya d\u00eerok\u00ee digire. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, Rojhilata Nav\u00een ne ten\u00ea her her\u00eamek erdn\u00eegar\u00ee ye, l\u00ea ew meydana ku d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee l\u00ea t\u00ea l\u00eestin e.<\/p>\n

Lihevkirinek zanist\u00ee ya hevpar heye ku heta pi\u015ft\u00ee serdema qe\u015fay\u00ea ya daw\u00een, curey\u00ea mirovan nikarib\u00fb ji r\u00eaxistina celeb\u00ea klan derbas bibe, ku ji kom\u00ean pi\u00e7\u00fbk \u00fb homojen \u00ean 20-30 kesan p\u00eak dihat. Klan di avakirina civak\u00ea de rola \u015faneya d\u00ea\u00fbbav dil\u00eeze. \u00c7awa ku hewldan\u00ean \u015faneya d\u00ea\u00fbbav di m\u00eelyaran salan de b\u00fbn sedema avakirina celeb\u00ean nebat \u00fb heywanan di avakirina zindiyan de, r\u00eaw\u00eetiya jiyan\u00ea ya m\u00eelyonan salan a civaka klan veguher\u00eena civaka heterojen gengaz kir. S\u00eestem\u00ean qeb\u00eeley\u00ee ku jiyanek n\u00eev-ko\u00e7er dijiyan, di wargehan de n\u00eev-ni\u015ftec\u00ee b\u00fbn, di navbera xwe de dan\u00fbstandin\u00ean m\u00eena diyariyan heb\u00fbn, ji bo miriy\u00ean xwe perestgeh \u00fb cih\u00ean ve\u015fartin\u00ea y\u00ean hevpar \u00e7\u00eakirin \u00fb li ser bingeha esl\u00ea ziman\u00ee ya hevpar b\u00fbn, yek ji qonax\u00ean her\u00ee bingeh\u00een \u00ean d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ne.<\/p>\n

Ji perspekt\u00eefa d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ve, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku bi rast\u00ee civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee ber bi p\u00ea\u015f ve bir, guhertina ‘ziman\u00ea sembol\u00eek’ bi ‘ziman\u00ea \u00ee\u015faretan’ b\u00fb. Ziman\u00ea sembol\u00eek \u00ea mirovan ji ber avahiya la\u015f \u00fb qirik\u00ea xwed\u00ee potansiyeleke mezin a p\u00ea\u015fkeftin\u00ea ye. Ev potansiyela ziman\u00ea sembol\u00eek e ku d\u00ea \u015fore\u015fek di raman\u00ea de gengaz bike. \u00c7avd\u00eariy\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee, l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb antropoloj\u00eek \u00eespat kirine ku \u015fore\u015fa mezin a ziman\u00ea sembol\u00eek li ser bingeha avahiya jeo-biyoloj\u00eek a pergala \u00e7iyay\u00ee ya Toros-Zagros p\u00ea\u015fketiye \u00fb ji h\u00eala kom\u00ean di nav pergala qeb\u00eeleya Aryan de ku wek\u00ee koma Hind-Ewrop\u00ee j\u00ee t\u00ea zan\u00een, hatiye avakirin. Wek\u00ee din, \u00e7avd\u00eariy\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb agahdariy\u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb antropoloj\u00eek n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku civak\u00ean Sem\u00eet\u00eek, heta bi qas\u00ee \u015fe\u015f hezar sal ber\u00ea, xwed\u00ee jiyaneke nebat\u00ee ya dewlemend b\u00fbn \u00fb ‘s\u00eestemeke qeb\u00eele’ ya berfireh li dora esl\u00ea ziman\u00ea Sem\u00eet\u00eek li dever\u00ean ku ji \u00c7ola Sahray\u00ea heta \u00e7ol\u00ean Erebistan \u00fb \u00ceran\u00ea dir\u00eaj dibin, ava kirine.<\/p>\n

Yek ji qonax\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee pergala kast\u00ea ye ku bi Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea t\u00ea sembol\u00eezekirin. Ev pergal, bi riya p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna formasyon\u00ean perestgeh \u00fb gundan, li ser deverek berfireh belav dibe ku h\u00een nehatiye kif\u015fkirin. (B.Z.) Serdema di navbera 10,000 \u00fb 7,000 BZ de, ku wek\u00ee “Neol\u00eet\u00eeka ne wek serdema cer \u00fb firaqan-seram\u00eek” t\u00ea hesibandin, li vir j\u00ee p\u00eak hatiye. Div\u00ea were zan\u00een ku ev serdem, bi giran\u00ee li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna belavb\u00fbnek gerd\u00fbn\u00ee j\u00ee d\u00eetiye. “Neol\u00eet\u00eeka cer \u00fb kavikan-seram\u00eek” ku pi\u015ft\u00ee 7000 BZ p\u00ea\u015f ket, qonaxek bilindtir tems\u00eel dike, digih\u00eeje berika p\u00ea\u015fkeftina bajar\u00ee.<\/p>\n

Dikare were gotin ku belavb\u00fbna bilez ji heman her\u00eama navend\u00ee r\u00ea li ber p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea vekiriye heta berika proto-bajar\u00ee li her\u00eamek jeo-biyoloj\u00eek a fireh, bi giran\u00ee li Misir, Sumer, Punjab (li ser s\u00eenor\u00ea Hindistan-Pakistana \u00eeroy\u00een), \u00fb geliy\u00ean Amudarya \u00fb Syr Darya y\u00ean Turkistan\u00ea. Ji bo v\u00ea serdem\u00ea, celebek pergala navend-derdor\u00ea pergalek gerd\u00fbn\u00ee p\u00eak an\u00ee ku cara yekem t\u00ea d\u00eetin. Diyarkirina ku belavb\u00fbna nif\u015f\u00ea duyem\u00een, ku t\u00ea de ev \u00e7and rolek serdest l\u00eestiye, ji \u00c7\u00een\u00ea heta Ewropay\u00ea – ango di navbera du okyan\u00fbsan de – di serdema 4000-2000 BZ de bandorek berfireh bi dest xistiye ji perspekt\u00eefa d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ve pir gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, gerdun\u00ee ne ten\u00ea diyardeyek e ku \u00eero diqewime. Gerdun\u00ee, hem bi \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean \u00eestismarker \u00fb hem j\u00ee ne-\u00eestismarker, rastiyek bingeh\u00een e ku di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de t\u00ea d\u00eetin. Ev e ku div\u00ea bi d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee were f\u00eamkirin. P\u00eakhatineke \u00e7and\u00ee ya hevpar \u00fb belavb\u00fbna gerd\u00fbn\u00ee, hem mad\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee giyan\u00ee, ji bo vegotineke d\u00eerok\u00ee ya watedar bingeh\u00een e. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku div\u00ea bi d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee were f\u00eamkirin t\u00eakiliy\u00ean kirde-objey\u00ea y\u00ean di\u015fibin hev in ku hem\u00ee civak difikirin \u00fb prat\u00eek dikin. Hem\u00ee vegotin\u00ean m\u00eekro-d\u00eerok\u00ee, nemaze d\u00eerok\u00ean netewey\u00ee, ten\u00ea wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00eerok wate digirin ger ku ew di nav v\u00ea d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee de ney\u00ean dan\u00een.<\/p>\n

F\u00eamkirina d\u00eerok\u00ean civak\u00ean per\u00e7eb\u00fby\u00ee b\u00eay\u00ee t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ne ten\u00ea netemam e, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de ji ber neb\u00fbna berawirdkirin\u00ea b\u00eawate ye. M\u00eena klanan, qeb\u00eele-e\u015f\u00eer j\u00ee avahiy\u00ean s\u00eestem\u00eek in ku xwed\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ne. \u015e\u00eerovekirina d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee b\u00eay\u00ee ku pergala klan \u00fb e\u015f\u00eer\u00ea t\u00ea de hebe ne ten\u00ea tij\u00ee nerast\u00ee ye, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de pir netemam e. \u00c7awa ku d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee b\u00eay\u00ee d\u00eeroka netewey\u00ee nay\u00ea vegotin, d\u00eerok\u00ean gerd\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb yekane b\u00eay\u00ee klan j\u00ee e\u015f\u00eer-qeb\u00eele nay\u00ean vegotin. Destp\u00eakirina d\u00eerok\u00ea bi niv\u00eesandin\u00ea hilbijartinek bi tevah\u00ee m\u00eetoloj\u00eek e; d\u00ea rasttir be ku j\u00ea re poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest-m\u00eetoloj\u00eek were gotin.<\/p>\n

Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku hatiye gotin n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku Mezopotamya st\u00fbna d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee p\u00eak t\u00eene. L\u00eakol\u00eena s\u00eestema kast\u00ea, ku li Mezopotamyay\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea \u00fb her\u00ee k\u00eam panzdeh hezar sal in b\u00eanavber diherike, wek\u00ee yek\u00eeneya d\u00eerok\u00ee ya bingeh\u00een xwed\u00ee gir\u00eengiyeke metodoloj\u00eek e. \u00car\u00ee\u015fa s\u00eestema kast\u00ea li ser jinan \u00fb civaka li dora wan hat\u00ee avakirin, d\u00ea nakokiya diyalekt\u00eek\u00ee ya yekem a sereke be. Nakokiya efendiyan-koleyan a ku di tevahiya d\u00eerok\u00ea de t\u00ea d\u00eetin j\u00ee d\u00ea ji v\u00ea nakokiya bingeh\u00een derkeve. S\u00eestema kast\u00ea ku di d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee re diherike, d\u00ea bi \u015fer \u00fb avakirina dewletan tij\u00ee bibe ku ji v\u00ea nakokiy\u00ea derdikevin, d\u00eerok\u00ea, bi awayek\u00ee, vediguher\u00eene qesabxaneyek mirovan.<\/p>\n

P\u00eaw\u00eeste careke din b\u00ea dubarekirin ku ev erdn\u00eegar\u00ee ku civaka yekem a dayiksalar\u00ee l\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea, di heman dem\u00ea de cih\u00ea jidayikb\u00fbna pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean yekem e. Pirsgir\u00eaka civak\u00ee ya yekem bi koletiya jinan ji aliy\u00ea kujer\u00ea li ser bingeha kast\u00ea ve dest p\u00ea kir. Koletiya jinan, bi dor\u00ea, koletiya civatek dayiksalar\u00ee ye ku ji aliy\u00ea jinan ve t\u00ea r\u00eavebirin. Rastiya ku koletiya jinan koka hem\u00ee pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee ye, ji v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea derdikeve. Bi rast\u00ee, pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee-etn\u00eek\u00ee-qeb\u00eele, qewm pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean ol\u00ee-mezheb\u00ee, pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean bajar\u00ee \u00fb j\u00eengeh\u00ea; pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean \u00e7\u00een, hiyerar\u015f\u00ee, malbat, desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ea; pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee \u00fb demokrat\u00eek; pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean abor\u00ee \u00fb \u00eedeoloj\u00eek – hem\u00ee pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean ku tevahiya civaka mirovahiy\u00ea eleqedar dikin – ji \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa kujer\u00ea li ser bingeha kast\u00ea li ser jinan \u00fb di \u015fexs\u00ea w\u00ea de li ser jiyana komunal derketine hol\u00ea \u00fb h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee karekterek gerd\u00fbn\u00ee bi dest xistine.<\/p>\n

2- D\u00eeroka Gerd\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb Berxwedana Klan-Qeb\u00eele<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7anda civak\u00ee ya li quntar\u00ean \u00c7iyay\u00ean Toros-Zagros\u00ea ava b\u00fbye, qet bi tevah\u00ee reseniya xwe winda nekiriye. Ew tesl\u00eem\u00ee hegemon\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee, an j\u00ee hegemon\u00ean ol\u00ee y\u00ean wek\u00ee kah\u00eenan neb\u00fbye ku ji hundir\u00ea w\u00ea derketine. Ew wek\u00ee d\u00eeroka civak\u00ee heb\u00fbna xwe domandiye. Di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de, ew kariye heb\u00fbna xwe ya civak\u00ee li hember hem\u00ee p\u00eal\u00ean dagirkeriy\u00ea ji \u00e7ar aliyan ve bipar\u00eaze. Ev \u00e7and bi rast\u00ee du c\u00eehan hene. Ya yekem c\u00eehana civak\u00ee ya e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb gelan e ku bi k\u00fbrah\u00ee di ax \u00fb d\u00eerok\u00ea de cih digirin; ya duyem\u00een c\u00eehana t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean desthilatdariy\u00ea y\u00ean hegemon\u00eek, \u015fer \u00fb dewlet\u00ean b\u00eahejmar h\u00eaz\u00ean dagirker, kolonyal\u00eest, \u00eestismarkar \u00fb w\u00earanker e. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku em hewl didin rave bikin, xeta sor a di navbera van her du c\u00eehanan de ye di p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna diyalekt\u00eek\u00ee de ku heya roja \u00eero ji perspekt\u00eefa d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee berdewam dike.<\/p>\n

Li gel hewldan\u00ean pergal\u00ea ku li ser hegemonya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek ava b\u00fbye, ji bo ku bi hezaran salan tevahiya civak\u00ea ji asta her\u00ee bilind heya asta her\u00ee nizm bi nerm\u00ee \u00fb dubare tepeser bike, r\u00eaza zilm, zordar\u00ee \u00fb talankirin\u00ea nekariye bi tevah\u00ee ve\u015f\u00eare \u00fb xwe ferz bike. Qeb\u00eele \u00fb e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean ku di nav s\u00eestem\u00ean qeb\u00eeley\u00ee de dij\u00een, ji r\u00eaziknameya hey\u00ee hatine d\u00fbrxistin \u00fb bi berdewam\u00ee bi kampanyay\u00ean talan \u00fb koletiy\u00ea y\u00ean s\u00eestem\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb mane, ser\u00ee hildane. Van serhildanan, m\u00eena pergala \u015faristaniy\u00ea bi xwe, bi dem\u00ea re berdewam\u00ee bi dest xistine. Pergal hewl dide ku van tevgeran wek\u00ee ‘barbar\u00ee’ mehk\u00fbm bike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea rast e; r\u00eaziknameya \u015faristan\u00ee ‘mak\u00eeneyeke barbariy\u00ea’ ye. Ew r\u00eaziknameya qeb\u00eele-civak\u00ee ye ku naxwaze ji jiyana mirov\u00ee were veqetandin.<\/p>\n

Gir\u00eeng e ku were zan\u00een ku her \u00e7end hin gelan kariye xwe di d\u00eerok\u00ea de xuya bikin j\u00ee, piraniya wan di v\u00ea yek\u00ea de bi ser neketin.<\/p>\n

Li k\u00ealeka berxwedana li ser bingeha etn\u00ees\u00eete, qeb\u00eele \u00fb e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee, meyleke duyem\u00een derketiye hol\u00ea: berxwedana bi koka \u00eedeoloj\u00eek bi karekterek ol\u00ee ya bih\u00eaz. Ev tevger in ku ne bingeha qeb\u00eeley\u00ee ne, di esas\u00ea xwe de tevger\u00ean di ser e\u015f\u00eer-qeb\u00eeley\u00ea ne. M\u00eetra\u00eezm, Xiristiyan\u00ee, Cih\u00fbt\u00ee \u00fb Man\u00eee\u00eezm bi taybet\u00ee herik\u00ean bi bandor in. \u00caz\u00eed\u00eet\u00ee \u015faxek din a cuda ye. Ev tevger j\u00ee bi piran\u00ee di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya berxwedan\u00ea de ne ku di nav xizanan de bi bandor e.<\/p>\n

\u00c7anda her\u00eam\u00ee, ji aliy\u00ea subjekt\u00eev\u00eetey\u00ea ve, qet qeb\u00fbl nekiriye ku ew derdorpar\u00eaz be, qet li ber \u00e7avan negirtiye \u00fb her tim israr kiriye ku di navend\u00ea de bim\u00eene. Dema ku em ji v\u00ea perspekt\u00eefa gerd\u00fbn\u00ee li m\u00eekro-d\u00eeroka xwe bin\u00earin, em \u00ea di d\u00eetin \u00fb f\u00eamkirina hezar m\u00eenak\u00ean r\u00fbmet \u00fb b\u00ear\u00fbmetiy\u00ea, \u00ea\u015f \u00fb co\u015f\u00ea, komed\u00ee \u00fb trajediy\u00ea de tu zehmetiy\u00ea neki\u015f\u00eenin. Em \u00ea xwezaya xwe ya civak\u00ee \u00fb xwezaya f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee, k\u00eemyew\u00ee \u00fb biyoloj\u00eek\u00ee ya ku j\u00ea nay\u00ea veqetandin \u00e7\u00eatir fam bikin \u00fb em \u00ea bi h\u00easan\u00ee hewl bidin ku ney\u00een\u00eetiy\u00ea berevaj\u00ee bikin \u00fb tevbigerin.<\/p>\n

3- Di S\u00eestema \u015earistaniya Dewletperest de Berxwedana Ol\u00ee\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Takes\u00ea mirov\u00ee \u00fb civak bi z\u00eehniyet \u00fb baweriy\u00ean xwe t\u00eane destn\u00ee\u015fankirin. Tu car\u00ee civakek mirov\u00ee b\u00ea z\u00eehniyet \u00fb bawer\u00ee \u00e7\u00eaneb\u00fbye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, z\u00eehniyet \u00fb bawer\u00ee mijar\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een in. Civak b\u00eay\u00ee serkeftin\u00ea di v\u00ee al\u00ee de nikare bixebite. Ev kar\u00ea sereke bi afirandina \u00eedeoloj\u00eek t\u00ea bidestxistin.<\/p>\n

Veguher\u00eena ji serdema xwedawenda dayik\u00ea ya serdema klan ku bi m\u00eelyonan salan dom kir, ber bi falosentr\u00eezma ku di Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea-Karahantepe de t\u00ea \u00eefade kirin, ji totem\u00ea erd\u00ee ber bi xweday\u00ea ezman, ji xweday\u00ea her e\u015f\u00eer\u00ea ber bi xweday\u00ea baj\u00ear \u00fb ber bi xweday\u00ean gi\u015ft\u00ee y\u00ean erd \u00fb ezman ku yek\u00eetiya bajaran tems\u00eel dikin, bi afirandina \u00eedeoloj\u00eek ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Away\u00ea raman\u00ea y\u00ea v\u00ea serdem\u00ea ol\u00ee \u00fb \u00eelah\u00ee ye. Wateya ku ji t\u00eageha Xwed\u00ea re t\u00ea day\u00een ji h\u00eala du waran ve t\u00ea xwed\u00eekirin: W\u00eaney\u00ean ku ji her ti\u015ft\u00ea li dervey\u00ee mirovahiy\u00ea \u00fb civak\u00ea derdikevin ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin Xwezaya Yekem \u00fb raman \u00fb baweriy\u00ean t\u00eakildar\u00ee Xwezaya Civak\u00ee. H\u00eaman\u00ean \u00e7and\u00ee y\u00ean ruhan\u00ee y\u00ean kevin ji v\u00ea yek\u00ea p\u00ea\u015ftir in. Am\u00fbr\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean rewatiy\u00ea, ango m\u00eetoloj\u00ee \u00fb h\u00eaman\u00ean ol\u00ee, ji h\u00eala van \u00e7avkaniyan ve t\u00eane xwed\u00eekirin ku hewcedariy\u00ean avakirina civak\u00ee ya n\u00fb e\u015fkere dikin. \u00c7alakiya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek heya ku serkeftin p\u00eak were berdewam dike. Pi\u015ft\u00ee ku t\u00ea qeb\u00fblkirin, ew t\u00ea saz\u00fbmankirin, dibe r\u00eetuel, karbidest t\u00eane tay\u00eenkirin, qurban\u00ee t\u00eane p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin \u00fb perestgeh t\u00eane avakirin. Ev hem\u00fb \u00e7alak\u00ee armanc dikin ku civaka n\u00fb, bik\u00earhat\u00ee \u00fb s\u00fbdmend bidom\u00eenin. En, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag, Inanna, \u00ce\u015ftar, Marduk \u00fb y\u00ean may\u00ee y\u00ean panteona xweda \u00fb xwedawendan. Xebata ku t\u00ea kirin armanc dike ku rewatiya civak\u00ee misoger bike. Ya gir\u00eeng li vir ew e ku avahiya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a n\u00fb ku li \u015f\u00fbna ya kevin e, \u00e7i tems\u00eel dike \u00fb n\u00ee\u015fan dide.<\/p>\n

Veguhestina ji t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina pirxweday\u00ee ya serdema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek ber bi yekxweday\u00eey\u00ea ve bi awayek\u00ee zelal armanc dike ku hegemonya nasnameya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek p\u00ea\u015f bixe. Her \u00e7end p\u00ea\u015fkeftina yekxweday\u00eey\u00ea bi \u00cebran\u00ee ve were gir\u00eadan j\u00ee, ola yekxweday\u00ee ber\u00ea li Misr\u00ea hatib\u00fb ragihandin. Li Sumer, Bab\u00eel \u00fb As\u00fbr\u00ea, ‘En’, ‘Marduk’, \u00fb ‘As\u00fbr’ demek dir\u00eaj ber\u00ea sernav\u00ea xweday\u00ea bilind digirtin. Ev t\u00eageh in ku kralan \u00fb saziya kraltiy\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan didin \u00fb sembol\u00eeze dikin ku bandor \u00fb desthilatdariya wan z\u00eade dib\u00fb. P\u00fbtperest\u00ee \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fxistina kultan bi nav\u00ea wan be\u015fek ji hewldana rewakirina wan e. Hem\u00fb \u015faristan\u00ee hewlek wekhev ji bo hegemonyaya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek n\u00ee\u015fan didin. Ji ber ku ev r\u00eabaz an ol am\u00fbr\u00ean bih\u00eaz \u00ean rewakirin\u00ea ne, her \u015faristan\u00ee hewl dide ku wan b\u00eatir bilind bike. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7aver\u00eakir\u00ee ye ku e\u015f\u00eer an gel\u00ea \u00cebran\u00ee ku ji v\u00ea kevne\u015fopiya d\u00eerok\u00ee bandor b\u00fbye, hewl bidin ku pad\u00ee\u015fahiya xwe ya pi\u00e7\u00fbk a e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee rewa bikin. Ev be\u015fek ji kevne\u015fopiya ku bi ser\u00ea \u00cebran\u00ee de hatiye ye.<\/p>\n

Qral\u00ean Misir \u00fb Sumer bi hezaran salan xwe wek\u00ee qral\u00ean xwed\u00ea rewa kirin. Kevne\u015fopiya \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee s\u00eestemat\u00eek li dij\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea derket. Di \u00e7anda Yewnan\u00ee de, analojiya mirov-xwed\u00ea bi r\u00eaya felsefey\u00ea \u00fb li Rojhilata Nav\u00een j\u00ee bi r\u00eaya kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb ol\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee t\u00ea pirs\u00een. B\u00ea guman, p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean gir\u00eeng \u00ean abor\u00ee, civak\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee di bingeha v\u00ea n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ea de ne.<\/p>\n

A- Kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zerde\u015ft\u00ee di nav b\u00eerdoziy\u00ean li dij\u00ee s\u00eestema \u015faristaniy\u00ea de xwed\u00ee cihek\u00ee \u00fb wateyek taybet e. Kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee ku ji s\u00eestema \u00e7iyay\u00ean Zagros\u00ea derketiye, xwestiye ku bi berxwedana civatek exlaq\u00ee bersiva hegemonyaya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a neba\u015f a s\u00eestema \u015faristaniy\u00ea bide. Tevgera Zerde\u015ft\u00ee ku koka w\u00ea vedigere sala 3000 BZ, ji tevgereke or\u00eej\u00eenal b\u00eatir tevgereke reform\u00eest e. Dikare were gotin ku kevne\u015fopiya Ahura Mazda, yek ji xweday\u00ean hevpar \u00ean her\u00ee kevin \u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean Ar\u00ee, reform kiriye.<\/p>\n

L\u00eabel\u00ea, tev\u00ee ku be\u015fek bingeh\u00een a nasnameya Ar\u00ee ye j\u00ee, ew di r\u00fby\u00ea Xiristiyan\u00ee \u00fb \u00ceslam\u00ea de nekariye xwe n\u00fb bike. Komun\u00eest\u00ean navdar \u00ean wek\u00ee Mazdek, Xurrem \u00fb Babek ku serhildan \u00fb berxwedanek mezin n\u00ee\u015fan dan, ji ber h\u00eaman\u00ean xwe y\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb karakter\u00ee dikarin di nav n\u00fbner\u00ean daw\u00een \u00ean Zerde\u015ft\u00ee de werin hesibandin. Her s\u00ea j\u00ee bi berxwedana xwe ya li dij\u00ee monar\u015fiya \u00ceran\u00ee-Sasan\u00ee ya hilwe\u015fiyay\u00ee \u00fb sultan\u00ean Ebas\u00ee y\u00ean dekadent b\u00fbn sembol\u00ean qehremaniy\u00ea. Her wiha bandorek gir\u00eeng li ser Man\u00eehe\u00eezm\u00ea j\u00ee kir. Bi nav\u00ea nirx\u00ean komunal \u00ean demokrat\u00eek, yek ji herik\u00een\u00ean sereke ku div\u00ea di \u00e7anda Rojhilata Nav\u00een de were parastin \u00fb xwed\u00eederketin kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

B- Derketina Ola \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wek\u00ee kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee, ol\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee di berxwedana li dij\u00ee \u015faristaniy\u00ea de cihek\u00ee gir\u00eeng digirin. Di dil\u00ea derketina \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee de avakirina Xwed\u00ea \u00fb ol\u00ea ji h\u00eala e\u015f\u00eeret\u00ee \u00fb etn\u00ees\u00eeteya Cih\u00fbyan ve heye. Rola derketina d\u00eerok\u00ee ya ol\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee bi qas\u00ee rola tevger\u00ean berxwedana e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee \u00fb qewim\u00eet\u00ee y\u00ean dij\u00ee \u015faristaniy\u00ea gir\u00eeng e. Her \u00e7end ji e\u015f\u00eeran derketine hol\u00ea j\u00ee, ew bi bingeh\u00een di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya tevger\u00ean \u00e7\u00een\u00ee de ne. Berxwedan \u00fb \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb kom\u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee y\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala h\u00eaz\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea y\u00ean bi r\u00eaberiya dewlet\u00ea ve wek\u00ee ‘barbar’ t\u00eane hesibandin, dikarin wek\u00ee h\u00eaz\u00ean ji derve ve t\u00eane ajotin \u00fb tevger\u00ean berxwedan\u00ea y\u00ean bi aliy\u00ean demokrat\u00eek \u00ean bih\u00eaz werin \u015f\u00eerovekirin. Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, derketina hol\u00ea ya olan bi gelemper\u00ee \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee ol\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee, her \u00e7end taybetmendiy\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee \u00fb qewim\u00eet\u00ee hildigirin j\u00ee, tevger\u00ean ji hundir ve t\u00eane ajotin bi p\u00eevanek \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ya bih\u00eaz. Her du tevger tevger\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean ji derve \u00fb tevger\u00ean \u00e7\u00een\u00ee y\u00ean navxwey\u00ee li dij\u00ee modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest t\u00eenin b\u00eera mirov. \u00c7ar\u00e7oveya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ya ol\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee ku her dem li hember pergala \u015faristaniya navend\u00ee derfetek dib\u00eenin ku div\u00ea wek\u00ee p\u00eavajoya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng a d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee were hesibandin, li ber xwe didin \u00fb \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee wan dikin, tevlihev e. Ew di nav spektrumek fireh de dixebite ku ji proleter\u00ean her\u00ee xizan bigire heya ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea. S\u00eestema \u015faristaniya navend\u00ee ku ji Sumer \u00fb Misr\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea, xwe wek\u00ee ‘esl\u00ea xweday\u00ee’ n\u00ee\u015fan dide \u00fb ev xala bingeh\u00een a neraz\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ean wan e. Ol\u00ean ku wek\u00ee pergal\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00ean Birah\u00eem\u00ee hatine avakirin, her gav bi guman li xweday\u00eetiya v\u00ea s\u00eestema xweda-qral din\u00earin \u00fb fikra ku ev kes nikarin bibin xweday\u00ee an xweday\u00ee kirine prens\u00eeba navend\u00ee ya \u00eedeolojiya xwe. \u00cefadeya her\u00ee h\u00easan a v\u00ea yek\u00ea ev e ku ‘mirov nikarin bibin xweday\u00ee an xweday\u00ee.’ Mirov di rew\u015fa her\u00ee ba\u015f de ten\u00ea dikarin bibin p\u00eayamber (p\u00eaxember) \u00fb xizmetkar\u00ean Xwed\u00ea. Xeyalkirina ti\u015ftek\u00ee ji v\u00ea z\u00eadetir wek\u00ee guneh\u00ea her\u00ee mezin t\u00ea hesibandin. Li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea, bi hezaran sal in t\u00eako\u015f\u00eenek \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb \u015ferek\u00ee hegemon\u00eek t\u00ea me\u015fandin. Hem\u00ee niv\u00ees \u00fb xwendin\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee \u015fop\u00ean v\u00ea raman\u00ea, pev\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea \u00fb \u015fer hildigirin.<\/p>\n

C- Xiristiyan\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Derketina Xiristiyan\u00ee gir\u00eeng e ji ber ku ew yek ji tevger\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean cid\u00ee y\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een di d\u00eerok\u00ea de ye ku bingehek etn\u00eek\u00ee tune b\u00fb. Koka w\u00ea ne ji xwesteka avakirina \u015faristaniyek n\u00fb, l\u00ea ji ber tekezkirina li ser rizgar\u00ee \u00fb wekheviy\u00ea b\u00fb. Ew wek\u00ee bertekek li hember p\u00eavajoya \u00e7\u00eena j\u00ear\u00een \u00fb tebeqeb\u00fbn\u00ea ku di pergala \u015faristaniya dewletperest\u00ee ya hezar sal\u00ee ya Rojhilata Nav\u00een de p\u00eak hatib\u00fb, p\u00ea\u015f ket, \u00fb li \u00cemperatoriya Romay\u00ea gih\u00ee\u015ft l\u00fbtkeya xwe. Di serdema Birah\u00eem \u00fb M\u00fbsa de, tevger\u00ean ol\u00ee ji taybetmendiy\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee \u00fb qeb\u00eeley\u00ee b\u00eatir ji \u00e7\u00een\u00ea dihatin xuyang kirin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, Xiristiyan\u00ee ji taybetmendiy\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee \u00fb qeb\u00eeley\u00ee derbas b\u00fb \u00fb b\u00fb olek n\u00fb ya civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ku hem\u00ee xizan \u00fb b\u00eakar\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala pergal\u00ea ve hatine marj\u00eenal\u00eezekirin, \u00fb her weha e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb mezheb\u00ean kole \u00fb y\u00ean ku ji le\u015fker \u00fb zeviy\u00ean koleyan direvin ki\u015fand. Tu e\u015f\u00eer an dewlet nehat damezrandin. Di nav her e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb dewlet\u00ea de civatek civak\u00ee ya komunal hate afirandin. Ev al\u00ee w\u00ea\u00a0 gir\u00eengtir dike. Her \u00e7end aliy\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea demokrat\u00eek \u00ea komunal xurt b\u00fb j\u00ee, p\u00ea\u015fkeftina w\u00ea di v\u00ee al\u00ee de bi s\u00eenor ma. Ev aliy\u00ea destp\u00eak\u00ea y\u00ea bih\u00eaz di dema veguheztina \u015faristaniy\u00ea de ji pa\u015f ve hate av\u00eatin. Wek\u00ee din, berevaj\u00ee koka xwe, ew bi dem\u00ea re ber bi neteweperestiya e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee ve p\u00ea\u015f ket. Bi berfirehiya xwe ya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee, fireh\u00ee \u00fb naveroka xwe ya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek, Xiristiyan\u00ee ku di berxwedan\u00ea de rab\u00fb, di veguher\u00eena pergala \u015faristaniya dewletperest de roleke mezin l\u00eest. W\u00ea di valakirina \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb hilwe\u015f\u00eena n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee hilwe\u015f\u00eena Romay\u00ea \u00fb \u00cemperatoriya Sasaniyan, du h\u00eaz\u00ean hegemon\u00eek \u00ean mezin \u00ean her\u00eam\u00ea de roleke gir\u00eeng l\u00eest. Di dawiy\u00ea de bindestiya w\u00ea ya ji bo h\u00eaz\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea ji bo xwe er\u00ean\u00ee derneket. Hewldan\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean teql\u00eedkirina wan b\u00fbn sedema d\u00fbrketina ji esl\u00ea w\u00ea. Berpirsiyariya w\u00ea di p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de nay\u00ea k\u00eamkirin. Wek\u00ee din, nekar\u00eena w\u00ea ya parastina gel\u00ean ku ew qeb\u00fbl kirine li dij\u00ee \u00ceslam\u00ea t\u00ea v\u00ea watey\u00ea ku ew berpirsiyariyek mezin hildigire ji bo niv\u00eesandina hin ji r\u00fbpel\u00ean her\u00ee ney\u00een\u00ee y\u00ean d\u00eeroka Rojhilata Nav\u00een.<\/p>\n

D- \u00ceslam<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00ceslam wek oleke \u00e7\u00eena nav\u00een \u015fikil digire. Di navbera ar\u00eestokrasiya pagan a kevne\u015fop\u00ee \u00fb hi\u015fk \u00fb bazirgan\u00ean \u00e7\u00eena nav\u00een \u00ean n\u00fb de, nakok\u00eeyek \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb her ku di\u00e7e \u00e7alaktir dibe, t\u00eako\u015f\u00eenek an \u015ferek t\u00ea me\u015fandin. Serdema Mekkey\u00ee ya Muhemmed di ser\u00ee de t\u00eako\u015f\u00eenek \u00eedeoloj\u00eek e. Serdema Med\u00eeney\u00ea ew dem e ku peymana civak\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya ku ji ber v\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ea p\u00eaw\u00eest e t\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakirin. Ev peymana n\u00fb nex\u015feyek ji bo dewletek n\u00fb ye.<\/p>\n

J\u00eahat\u00eeb\u00fbna mezin a Muhemmed di \u015fiyana w\u00ee de ye ku bib\u00eene, h\u00ees bike \u00fb f\u00eam bike ka \u015faristaniy\u00ean Sasan\u00ee, B\u00eezans\u00ee \u00fb Habe\u015f\u00ee \u00e7awa bi hezaran salan ji her al\u00ee ve li ser e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean Ereb \u00ean li Erebistan\u00ea zext dikirin. Ya gir\u00eengtir, j\u00eahat\u00eeb\u00fbna w\u00ee di veguherandina v\u00ea rastiya madd\u00ee bo rastiyek giyan\u00ee, \u00ceslam\u00ea, bi r\u00eaya gotarek ol\u00ee ya mezin de ye \u00fb di seferberkirina civak\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee di bin v\u00ea nav\u00ee de bi j\u00eahat\u00eeb\u00fbnek wekhev – ango, te\u015fw\u00eeqkirina wan bo \u015fer – de ye. \u015eer\u00ea \u00ceslam\u00ee serxwe\u015f\u00ee \u00fb co\u015fa e\u015f\u00eeran e ku bi b\u00eahna giyan\u00ee ya yekdestdariya ku ji wan re t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kirin ve t\u00eane enerj\u00ee kirin, enerjiya xwe dirij\u00eenin ser sehneya d\u00eerok\u00ee, nav dever\u00ean navend\u00ee y\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea. Bi q\u00eer\u00een, \u015f\u00fbr, xw\u00een, bawer\u00ee \u00fb talan\u00ea! Xizan\u00ean qeb\u00eeley\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee ec\u00eab bawer b\u00fbn ku ew \u015ferek\u00ee p\u00eeroz dime\u015f\u00eenin. Wan qet guman nedikir ku ew ji bo Xwed\u00ea \u015fer dikin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, heman ti\u015ft ji bo tevahiya ar\u00eestokrasiya e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee \u00fb avahiya fermandariy\u00ea nay\u00ea gotin. Be\u015fek mezin ji wan, hetta di dema jiyana P\u00eaxember Muhammed de j\u00ee, yekdestdariya desthilatdariy\u00ea h\u00ees dikirin \u00fb dizanib\u00fbn ku aliy\u00ea “Xwed\u00ea” ten\u00ea propaganda b\u00fb. Bi rast\u00ee, ew \u00ea pir z\u00fb kontrola dewleta n\u00fb bigirin, bibin Xanedaniya Umeyad.<\/p>\n

Panteona xweday\u00ean Sumer\u00ee bi zelal\u00ee karbidest\u00ean payebilind \u00ean dewleta n\u00fb n\u00ee\u015fan dida. R\u00eazikname h\u00easan \u00fb bibandor b\u00fb. Ji bo asta \u00e7anda giyan\u00ee ya w\u00ea dem\u00ea, r\u00eaziknameyek wusa t\u00eara xwe bawerker \u00fb rewa b\u00fb. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ji bo \u00e7anda giyan\u00ee \u00fb z\u00eehniyeta civak\u00ee ya dema Muhammed, r\u00eaziknameyek wusa xav a xwedayan ji bo rewatiy\u00ea ne bes b\u00fb. Bi rast\u00ee, Muhammed, m\u00eena Birah\u00eem, ne ten\u00ea p\u00fbt\u00ean li Kabey\u00ea, ku di\u015fibiyan v\u00ea r\u00eaziknamey\u00ea, hilwe\u015fand, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de wan bi tevah\u00ee ji hol\u00ea rakir, perestina wan wek\u00ee guneh\u00ea her\u00ee mezin dihesiband. Ceza mirin li v\u00ea dinyay\u00ea \u00fb naletb\u00fbna herhey\u00ee li jiyana pi\u015ft\u00ee mirin\u00ea b\u00fb. Xweday\u00ea n\u00fb, Allah, panteona ku ji Sumer \u00fb Misriyan ve heye bi tevah\u00ee qedexe dike. Pirsa ku civak ji v\u00ea yek\u00ea \u00e7i qezenc dike an winda dike h\u00eajay\u00ee nirxandin \u00fb n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin\u00ea ye. Berawirdkirina t\u00eakiliya di navbera civaka pirxweday\u00ee \u00fb demokrasiy\u00ea de bi ya di navbera civaka yekxweday\u00ee \u00fb d\u00eektatoriya monar\u015f\u00eek de dikare encam\u00ean gir\u00eeng bide.<\/p>\n

Ji perspekt\u00eefa P\u00eaxember Muhammed, peyva Allah bi awayek\u00ee teqez \u00eefadeya tevah\u00ee ya nasnameya civak\u00ee tems\u00eel dike. Ev yek me digih\u00eene w\u00ea encam\u00ea ku tevger\u00eena bi nav\u00ea Allah ne t\u00eagehek an propagandayek b\u00eawate ye; ew \u00eefadeya prat\u00eekek bi rast\u00ee berfireh e. Bi taybet\u00ee dema ku xwezaya civak\u00ee ya ti\u015ftan t\u00ea hesibandin, tevger\u00eena bi nav\u00ea Allah bi tevah\u00ee t\u00ea wateya ‘t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena civak\u00ee’. T\u00eako\u015f\u00eena civak\u00ee di \u00ceslam\u00ea de bi gelemper\u00ee celebek demokrasiya civak\u00ee ya \u00e7\u00eena nav\u00een e, an j\u00ee t\u00eako\u015f\u00eenek ji bo komarek demokrat\u00eek e ku di heman dem\u00ea de civakek demokrat\u00eek j\u00ee vedihew\u00eene.<\/p>\n

Li mizgefta yekem a Med\u00eeney\u00ea, bi tevah\u00ee mijar\u00ean civak\u00ee t\u00eane n\u00eeqa\u015f kirin. Her kes di civat\u00ea de n\u00ear\u00een\u00ean xwe diyar dike \u00fb y\u00ean din li ser hem\u00ee mijar\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean civak\u00ee berpirsiyar digire. P\u00eakhate \u00fb fonksiyona civ\u00eenan demokrat\u00eek in. Jin \u00fb koleyan, mirov\u00ean ji her e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb komeke etn\u00eek\u00ee, dikarin be\u015fdar bibin \u00fb gotina xwe bikin. Bo nim\u00fbne, Bilal el-Heba\u015f\u00ee koleyek\u00ee Afr\u00eek\u00ee b\u00fb. Selman el-Fars\u00ee heval\u00ea P\u00eaxember\u00ea bi esl\u00ea xwe Faris\u00ee b\u00fb. Jinan li k\u00ealeka m\u00earan nim\u00eaj dikirin. E\u015fkere ye ku di destp\u00eak\u00ea de \u015foven\u00eezma zayend\u00ee an e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee tune b\u00fb. Bi heman away\u00ee, cudakariya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee an e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee tune b\u00fb. Be\u015fdariya demokrat\u00eek di qonax\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea y\u00ean \u00ceslam\u00ea de rastiyek nay\u00ea \u00eenkarkirin e. Wek\u00ee din, r\u00eaber \u00fb fermandar\u00ean potansiyel di civ\u00een\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een \u00ean mizgeft\u00ea de hatin destn\u00ee\u015fankirin. Gelek biryar hatin girtin da ku neheqiyan \u00e7areser bikin. Bi rast\u00ee, b\u00eay\u00ee v\u00ea be\u015fdariya demokrat\u00eek, ne mimkun b\u00fb ku ewqas e\u015f\u00eer, xizan \u00fb \u00e7\u00eena nav\u00een ewqas z\u00fb seferber bibin. R\u00eaxistina P\u00eaxember Muhammed ne li ser zor\u00ea, l\u00ea li ser ev\u00eena Xwed\u00ea b\u00fb. \u015eer\u00ea w\u00ee j\u00ee bi heman reng\u00ee b\u00fb. E\u015fkere ye ku \u015fore\u015fek berfireh a \u00eedeoloj\u00eek, civak\u00ee, abor\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee hate kirin. Sazkirina \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a \u015fore\u015f\u00ea bi hi\u015fk\u00ee \u00fb belavkirina w\u00ea bi heman hi\u015fkiy\u00ea li her ast\u00ea civak\u00ea, p\u00eakan\u00eena w\u00ea bi bawer\u00ee \u00fb hi\u015fmendiyek ku li ser s\u00eenor\u00ea ev\u00een\u00ea ye, dikare bibe bingeha ‘rastiya Muhammed’. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku bi rast\u00ee j\u00ee \u00ea\u015fdar \u00fb xemg\u00een e ev e ku pi\u015ft\u00ee kesayetiyek d\u00eerok\u00ee wek\u00ee Muhammed, kes\u00ean her\u00ee qir\u00eaj \u00fb rez\u00eel, ji xay\u00een\u00ean her\u00ee nizm bigire heya her c\u00fbre munafiq \u00fb sextekaran, kar\u00een xapandina xwe ya mezin di bin maskeya “\u00ceslam\u00eezm\u00ea” de heta roja \u00eero bidom\u00eenin. Ev b\u00fbyera traj\u00eek e ku div\u00ea b\u00ea guman sirra w\u00ea were \u00e7areser kirin.<\/p>\n

1.a) P\u00ea\u015fketina Dij-\u00ceslam\u00ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

Serdema \u00c7ar Xel\u00eefeyan bi berhevkirina Quran \u00fb hed\u00eesan \u00fb berdewamiya bilez a tevger\u00ean fetihkirin\u00ea t\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fankirin. Di v\u00ea serdem\u00ea de, \u015fikestin\u00ean di \u00ceslam\u00ea de n\u00fb dest p\u00ea dikin. Ar\u00eestokrasiya kevin a Mekkey\u00ea h\u00een ne ewqas bih\u00eaz e ku \u00ear\u00ee\u015feke dij-\u015fore\u015fger\u00ee bide destp\u00eakirin. Pirsa ku \u00e7ima \u00cemam El\u00ee di destp\u00eak\u00ea de wek\u00ee xel\u00eefe nehat hilbijartin t\u00ea n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin. Ev n\u00eeqa\u015f d\u00ea berdewam bike. H\u00een n\u00ee\u015fan\u00ean monar\u015fiy\u00ea tune ne. Serdemeke n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee komar \u00fb demokrasiy\u00ea t\u00ea jiy\u00een.<\/p>\n

Ar\u00eestokrasiya Qurey\u015f\u00ee, bi r\u00eaya Muawiye, ne ten\u00ea tola \u00ceslama demokrat\u00eek hildide, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de bi lez \u00fb bez rej\u00eemeke monar\u015fiy\u00ea ya n\u00fb ya ku navenda w\u00ea li \u015eam\u00ea ye, Umew\u00ee, ava dike. \u00ceslam niha di xuyang \u00fb nav\u00ea xwe de parast\u00ee ye, l\u00ea di esl\u00ea xwe de, ew rast\u00ee xiyaneteke mezin hatiye. Di sala 681an de, endam\u00ean may\u00ee y\u00ean malbata Muhemmedan\u00ee, di \u015fexs\u00ea \u00cemam Husey\u00een de, d\u00ea li Kerbelay\u00ea werin tunekirin, zarok \u00fb jin b\u00ea cudah\u00ee werin ku\u015ftin \u00fb kiryarek tolhildan\u00ea ya tal temam bikin. Ya ku dim\u00eene ne \u00ceslam e, ‘Dij-\u00ceslam’ e.<\/p>\n

Heta ku mijara Dij-\u00ceslam\u00ea bi zelal\u00ee ney\u00ea \u015f\u00eerovekirin, \u015f\u00eerovekirina rast \u00fb watedar a her tevgereke civak\u00ee ya ku di d\u00eerok\u00ea de bi nav\u00ea \u00ceslam\u00ea hatiye kirin \u00fb domandin, ne mimk\u00fbn e. Gelek kevne\u015fop\u00ee \u00fb mezheb bi nav\u00ea \u00ceslam\u00ea derketine hol\u00ea. Heta ‘Elew\u00eezm’ \u00fb ‘\u015e\u00ee\u00eet\u00ee’ j\u00ee bi nav\u00ea Ehl-\u00ee Beyt\u00ea hatine damezrandin. L\u00ea ev hem\u00fb d\u00ea nikaribin Dij-\u00ceslama serdest ji hol\u00ea rakin.<\/p>\n

Dij-\u00ceslam di bingeh de tevgerek e ku di nav pergala \u015faristaniya kevne\u015fop\u00ee ya dewletperest de li Rojhilata Nav\u00een entegre bibe; ew armanc dike ku \u00ceslam\u00ea – cureyek komara civak\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek, ne bi tevah\u00ee dewletperest veguher\u00eene k\u00ealiyek n\u00fb, diyardeyek \u015faristaniya kevne\u015fop\u00ee ya hezar salan, ku li ser xiyanetkirina nirx\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean bingeh\u00een hatiye avakirin.<\/p>\n

Ebbas\u00ee j\u00ee d\u00ea roleke gir\u00eeng wek\u00ee yek ji qonax\u00ean sereke y\u00ean Dij-\u00ceslam\u00ea bil\u00eezin. Ew \u00ea Dij-\u00ceslam\u00ea bikin h\u00eaza hegemon\u00eek a her\u00ee mezin li Rojhilata Nav\u00een. Tevgereke felsef\u00ee \u00fb teoloj\u00eek a \u00ceslam\u00ee di v\u00ea serdem\u00ea de dest p\u00ea kir, l\u00ea ew negih\u00ee\u015ft encama xwe ya tevah\u00ee. N\u00eeqa\u015fa li ser aqil\u00ea azad p\u00eak hat. Nav\u00ean El Kind\u00ee, El Farab\u00ee, \u00cebn Raz\u00ee, Cab\u00eer, \u00cebn S\u00eena \u00fb \u00cebn Ru\u015fd gir\u00eeng in. Di n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ean felsef\u00ee de, ew di dema xwe de (n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee 800-1200) ji Ewropay\u00ea pir p\u00ea\u015fdetir b\u00fbn. Her wiha ew di p\u00ea\u015fkeftin\u00ean zanist\u00ee de j\u00ee di r\u00eaza yekem de b\u00fbn.<\/p>\n

\u00ceslama Ereb, wek\u00ee dij-\u00ceslam, di veguherandina Ereban ji civatek e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee ya belavb\u00fby\u00ee bo neteweyek yekane (Qewm-i Necip = Neteweya Es\u00eel) de serkeft\u00ee b\u00fb. Her tim e\u015f\u00eeretek hegemon\u00eek \u00fb \u015foven\u00eest bi xwe re hildigirt. Ev cureyek proto-fa\u015f\u00eest a \u00ceslam\u00eezm\u00ea ye. Navek\u00ee din ji bo v\u00ea \u00ceslam\u00ea ‘\u00ceslama Sunn\u00ee’ ye. \u00cero, h\u00eaz\u00ean rad\u00eekal \u00ean \u00ceslam\u00eezma rastgir, ango \u00ceslama Selef\u00ee ya n\u00fbjen, v\u00ea rastiya fa\u015f\u00eest pi\u015ftrast dikin. Yekb\u00fbna \u00ceslam\u00ea bi \u015faristaniy\u00ea re t\u00eene b\u00eera mirov ku Xiristiyan\u00ee s\u00ea sed sal pi\u015ft\u00ee jidayikb\u00fbna w\u00ea wek\u00ee \u00eedeolojiya ferm\u00ee ya \u00cemperatoriya Romay\u00ee ya Rojhilat t\u00ea qeb\u00fblkirin. C\u00fbdahiya di \u00ceslam\u00ea de ev e ku ev p\u00eavajo bi lez \u00fb bez hate kirin. Ne s\u00ea sed sal, l\u00ea ti\u015ftek m\u00eena s\u00ee sal.<\/p>\n

1.b) Ehl\u00ea Beyt \u00fb Xaric\u00eet\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00ea guman, entegrasyona bi \u015faristaniy\u00ea re di \u00ceslam\u00ea de b\u00eay\u00ee dabe\u015fb\u00fbnek rad\u00eekal nay\u00ea bidestxistin. Wek\u00ee di Xiristiyaniy\u00ea de, ev p\u00eavajo di \u00ceslam\u00ea de j\u00ee pir belav b\u00fbye. Xizan\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee ku her ku di\u00e7\u00fb xwe ji aliy\u00ea ar\u00eestokrasiya qeb\u00eelet\u00ee ya ku desthilatdar\u00ee di dest\u00ea wan de b\u00fb, h\u00ees dikirin ku ew xiyanet l\u00ea hatiye kirin, ber bi \u015ferek\u00ee navxwey\u00ee y\u00ea pir k\u00fbr ve di\u00e7in. M\u00eenaka yekem tevgera ‘Xaric\u00eet\u00ee’ ye. Ew yekem fraksiyona sereke b\u00fb ku li hember nakokiya Muawiye-El\u00ee bertek n\u00ee\u015fan da. Hem\u00fb kes\u00ean ku ev fraksiyon ava kirin bedew\u00ee b\u00fbn. Tevgera Xaric\u00eet\u00ee ji ber aliy\u00ea xwe y\u00ea dij\u00ee-\u015faristaniy\u00ea pir gir\u00eeng e. Wan li hember windakirina demokrasiya destp\u00eak\u00ea \u00fb be\u015fdariya ku di destp\u00eaka \u00ceslam\u00ea de heb\u00fb, \u00fb serdestiya p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek ber bi h\u00eaz \u00fb avakirina dewlet\u00ea ve, bertek n\u00ee\u015fan dan. Ew wek\u00ee n\u00ee\u015faneya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng a t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena di navbera demokras\u00ee \u00fb desthilatdariy\u00ea de di nav \u00ceslam\u00ea de xwed\u00ee gir\u00eengiyeke d\u00eerok\u00ee ya mezin e.<\/p>\n

Ehl\u00ea Beyt, ango malbata Muhammed, pi\u015ft\u00ee komkujiya li Kerbelay\u00ea qet nekar\u00ee xwe ji n\u00fb ve pi\u015fta xwe rast bike. Tevgera Diwanzdeh \u00cemam, tevger\u00ean \u00cesma\u00eel\u00ee \u00fb Fatimiy\u00ee, her \u00e7end \u00eed\u00eea dikirin ku ew Ehl\u00ea Beyt\u00ea (malbata P\u00eaxember) tems\u00eel dikin j\u00ee, di hilwe\u015fandina \u00ceslama Sunn\u00ee de bi ser neketin. Ev tevger ku di ser\u00ee de li \u00ceran, Anatoliya \u00fb Bakur\u00ea Afr\u00eekay\u00ea li h\u00eaz\u00ea digeriya, hin dewlet\u00ean demkurt ava kirin l\u00ea nekar\u00een \u00ceslama \u015fore\u015fger tems\u00eel bikin. \u015eax\u00ean \u00ceran\u00ee di destp\u00eaka sedsala 16\u2019an de kar\u00eeb\u00fbn bibin h\u00eazek \u015faristan\u00ee ya ferm\u00ee bi nav\u00ea ‘\u015e\u00eea’. M\u00eena dewleta Fatimiy\u00ee (li Bakur\u00ea Afr\u00eekay\u00ea), ev \u015f\u00eaweya \u00ceslama dewlet\u00ea di nav Ehl\u00ea Beyt\u00ea de ber bi rast\u00ea ve di\u00e7\u00fb. Xelk\u00ea xizan Elew\u00eet\u00ee qeb\u00fblkirin, di heman dem\u00ea de h\u00eaz\u00ean din \u00ean m\u00eena Qermat\u00ee, Elmorav\u00ee \u00fb peyrew\u00ean Hesen Sebah wek\u00ee kom\u00ean berxwedan\u00ea y\u00ean rad\u00eekaltir li hember h\u00eaz\u00ean damezrand\u00ee li ber xwe dan.<\/p>\n

1.c) Di C\u00eehana \u00ceslam\u00ea de Hegemonya Derbas\u00ee Dest\u00ea El\u00eet\u00ean Tirk \u00fb Faris <\/strong><\/p>\n

Dawiya sedsala 12\u2019an ji bo Rojhilata Nav\u00een xaleke wer\u00e7erx\u00ea ya kr\u00eet\u00eek e. \u00c7aren\u00fbsa Rojhilata Nav\u00een \u00fb \u00ceslam\u00ea gir\u00eaday\u00ee w\u00ea yek\u00ea ye ka ew v\u00ea xala wer\u00e7erx\u00ea bi serkeft\u00ee derbas dike an na. Serdema ku ber bi v\u00ea xala wer\u00e7erx\u00ea di d\u00eeroka \u00ceslam\u00ee de ve \u00e7\u00fbye dikare wek\u00ee \u00ceslama Ereb were hesibandin.<\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee sedsala 12\u2019an, \u015faristaniya \u00ceslam\u00ee \u00fb muxalefeta demokrat\u00eek ji bingehek qewimitiya-e\u015f\u00eert\u00ee ya Ereb d\u00fbr ket \u00fb karekterek pir-qewmit\u00ee-etn\u00eek\u00ee girt. Serdemek ku ar\u00eestokrat\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee y\u00ean Tirk rolek serdest l\u00eestin dest p\u00ea kir. Di v\u00ea p\u00eavajoya gir\u00eeng de serhildan\u00ean \u00e7\u00een\u00ee \u00fb etn\u00eek\u00ee \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbn ku bandor\u00ean wan heta roja \u00eero j\u00ee berdewam dikin.<\/p>\n

Di serdem\u00ean sultan \u00fb m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean Ereb \u00fb Tirk de, ku li pey hev desthilatdariya hegemon\u00eek girtin, d\u00eerok dest p\u00ea kir ku li dij\u00ee Ermen\u00ee, As\u00fbr\u00ee \u00fb Yewnaniyan bizivire. D\u00eerok her wiha qism\u00ee li dij\u00ee Kurd \u00fb Farisan zivir\u00ee. Gel \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ean Xiristiyan bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr heya roja \u00eero hema hema bi tevah\u00ee ji Rojhilata Nav\u00een hatine rakirin. Jihol\u00earakirina van \u00e7and\u00ean her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee, hem ji h\u00eala mad\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee ji h\u00eala manew\u00ee ve, di serdem\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea \u00fb nav\u00een de, xiyaneta her\u00ee mezin a \u015faristaniya Rojhilata Nav\u00een li hember gel\u00ean w\u00ea b\u00fb. Ev trajediya d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb lanetkir\u00ee roleke diyarker di \u00e7olb\u00fbna \u00e7and\u00ee ya Rojhilata Nav\u00een, kr\u00eeza w\u00ea ya hey\u00ee \u00fb daketina w\u00ea ber bi xweku\u015ftin\u00ea ve dil\u00eeze. Kurdan heman jihol\u00earakirina f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee wek\u00ee gel\u00ean Xiristiyan neki\u015fandin, l\u00ea ew ne\u00e7ar man ku xiyanetek \u00e7and\u00ee ya pir xirabtir tehem\u00fbl bikin. Kurd h\u00een j\u00ee gelek\u00ee ne ku v\u00ea xiyanet\u00ea ji k\u00fbrahiya xwe h\u00ees dikin.<\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee \u00ceslama Ereb \u00fb Tirk, s\u00eayem\u00een el\u00eeta desthilatdariya ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek a gir\u00eeng ji kes\u00ean bi esl\u00ea xwe \u00ceran\u00ee-Fars\u00ee p\u00eak t\u00ea. Muxalefeta \u00ceran\u00ee-Fars\u00ee, ku ji h\u00eala raman \u00fb baweriya dilsoziya bi kevne\u015fopiya Ehl-ul-Beyt \u00fb D\u00fbwanzdeh \u00cemaman re li dij\u00ee kevne\u015fopiya \u00ceslam\u00ee ya Sunn\u00ee ya Ereb \u00fb Tirk ve hat\u00ee damezrandin, ji serdema Emewiyan ve bi berdewam\u00ee \u00e7alak b\u00fbye. Ew gelek caran, hem ji hundur \u00fb hem j\u00ee ji derve, li dij\u00ee x\u00eelafet\u00ean Emewiyan \u00fb Ebasiyan ku burokrasiya wan bandor l\u00ea kirib\u00fb, serhildan kir. Pi\u015ft\u00ee gelek \u015fer\u00ean desthilatdariya her\u00eam\u00ee, mezheba \u015e\u00eea di sala 1501\u2019an de bi ferm\u00ee hate naskirin, hewl da ku r\u00eaziknameya \u00eemparator\u00ee ya kevin a \u00ceran\u00ea n\u00fb bike. Ev \u00eemparator\u00ee ku ji aliy\u00ea Azeriy\u00ean bi esl\u00ea xwe Tirkmen \u00fb Faris\u00ean \u015e\u00eee ve dihat bir\u00eavebirin, gelek caran bi sultan\u00ean Osman\u00ee y\u00ean Tirk re pev\u00e7\u00fbn dikir. Van nakokiyan her du h\u00eazan qels kirin \u00fb be\u015fdar\u00ee xurtkirina hegemonyaya Ewrop\u00ee b\u00fbn (sedsal\u00ean 16-19). Her \u00e7end rej\u00eem\u00ean \u015e\u00eee xwe li dij\u00ee rej\u00eem\u00ean Sunn\u00ee bi cih kirin j\u00ee, d\u00ea rasttir be ku ew wek\u00ee celebek din a Dij-\u00ceslam\u00ea werin p\u00eanasekirin. Ten\u00ea ferq ev e ku rej\u00eem\u00ean \u015e\u00eee Ehl-i Beyt \u00fb kevne\u015fopiya Elewiyan bi berfireh\u00ee bikaran\u00een. L\u00eabel\u00ea, heya ku Elew\u00eet\u00ee wek\u00ee dij-otor\u00eeter, dij-\u015faristan\u00ee \u00fb demokrat\u00eek ney\u00ea tems\u00eel kirin, her avahiyek h\u00eaz\u00ea ya ku bi nav\u00ea w\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f ketiye ten\u00ea dikare wek\u00ee celebek din a Dij-\u00ceslam\u00ea were hesibandin.<\/p>\n

Di serdema \u00ceslama Sultantiy\u00ea de, rola Kurdan wek\u00ee h\u00eazek \u00e7arem\u00een a gel\u00ear\u00ee ne pir xuya ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, wan di nav civaka zanyar\u00ean \u00ceslam\u00ee de c\u00eehek gir\u00eeng girtin. Her wiha t\u00ea zan\u00een ku ew di qesran de j\u00ee bi bandor b\u00fbn. Gelek m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een \u00fb beyl\u00eek\u00ean Kurd di dadgeh\u00ean Emewiyan, Ebasiyan, Sel\u00e7\u00fbkiyan, Osmaniyan \u00fb \u00ceran\u00ea de dihatin tems\u00eelkirin. Wan hem wek\u00ee takekesan \u00fb hem j\u00ee wek\u00ee m\u00eerektiy\u00ean damezrand\u00ee rolek l\u00eestin. Ey\u00fbbiyan, digel Selahed\u00een, di navbera sal\u00ean 1171-1260an de dewletek bi navenda xwe li \u015eam\u00ea ava kirin. Her \u00e7end bi esl\u00ea xwe Kurd b\u00fbn j\u00ee, ew nekar\u00een xwe ji l\u00eestina roleke m\u00eena ya Ereb\u00ean esilzade, m\u00eena xanedan\u00ean Tirk, d\u00fbr bixin. Xanedaniya Merwaniyan desthilatdariyek bi navenda xwe li Meyafarq\u00een\u00ea ava kir (990-1090). Ev p\u00eakhatin pa\u015f\u00ea ji h\u00eala xanedan\u00ean Tirk ve hate tasfiyekirin. Gelek beyl\u00eek\u00ean Kurd \u00ean m\u00eena hev hatin avakirin. \u015eerefxaniy\u00ean ku bi esl\u00ea xwe ji Bitl\u00ees\u00ea b\u00fbn, heta sal\u00ean 1560\u2019\u00ee heb\u00fbna xwe domandin. Ji ber ku beyl\u00eek\u00ean Kurd bi piran\u00ee \u015fop\u00eener\u00ean kevne\u015fopiya Sunn\u00ee b\u00fbn, wan di bin serokatiya \u00cedr\u00ees-\u00ee Bitl\u00ees\u00ee de li dij\u00ee sultanetiya \u015e\u00eee ya Sefewiy\u00ean \u00ceran\u00ee bi sultan\u00ean Osman\u00ee re hevalbend\u00ee kirin. M\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean Kurd ku di nav s\u00eestema sultanetiya Osman\u00ee de xwed\u00ee xweseriya her\u00ee mezin b\u00fbn, di sedsala 19\u2019an de rew\u015fa xwe xirabtir d\u00eetin. Wan karta xwe ya daw\u00ee bi Serhildana Bedirxan Beg l\u00eestin \u00fb di dawiy\u00ea de winda kirin (1835-1860).<\/p>\n

Kurd\u00ean ku ji ber xizanb\u00fbna e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean Kurd derketine hol\u00ea, wek\u00ee Kurmanc t\u00eane binavkirin. Kurmanc\u00ee ji bo Kurd\u00ean ku t\u00eakiliy\u00ean wan \u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee ji hev ketine \u00fb b\u00fbne mal\u00ean gund\u00ee \u00fb ko\u00e7er t\u00ea bikar an\u00een. Ew \u00e7\u00eena j\u00ear\u00een in. Bi awayek\u00ee objekt\u00eef, wan kariye Kurd bim\u00eenin. \u00c7\u00eena jor\u00een, be\u015fa hevkar a Kurd, bi piran\u00ee bi t\u00eakiliy\u00ean bi el\u00eet\u00ean h\u00eaza netewey\u00ee ya her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb di r\u00eajeyek k\u00eamtir de, bi h\u00eaz\u00ean hegemon\u00eek \u00ean DYA \u00fb Ewropay\u00ea re xwe dipar\u00eaze, \u00fb bi d\u00fbrxistina Kurd\u00ean \u00e7\u00eena karker hewl dide ku bij\u00ee. Ev rast\u00ee \u015fopa xwe li ser t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee \u00fb netewey\u00ee ya di nav diyardeya Kurd de dih\u00eale.<\/p>\n

4- Modern\u00eeteya Kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb Rojhilata Nav\u00een<\/strong><\/p>\n

Civaka Rojhilata Nav\u00een di sedsal\u00ean 19 \u00fb 20\u2019an de ji aliy\u00ea modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve hate fetihkirin. Di van du sedsalan de, dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean ji derve hatine ferzkirin an\u00een Rojhilata Nav\u00een. Dewleta netewey\u00ee, berevaj\u00ee baweriya populer, ne afir\u00eenek h\u00eaz\u00ean neteweperest e. Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, ew am\u00fbrek bi bandor e ku ji h\u00eala siyaseta ‘parve bike \u00fb hukum bike’ ve ku ji h\u00eala hegemonya Br\u00eetan\u00ee ve li \u00e7araliy\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea t\u00ea me\u015fandin, hatiye \u00eecadkirin. Her ku Br\u00eetanya wek\u00ee \u00eemparatoriyek berfireh b\u00fb, bi dabe\u015fkirina wan di nav dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee de, \u00eemparatoriy\u00ean req\u00eeb qels \u00fb par\u00e7e kir. Stratejiya h\u00eaz\u00ea ya modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest bi bingeh\u00een van celeb dewletan hewce dikir. Dema ku bi el\u00eet\u00ean ferm\u00ee y\u00ean \u00cemperatoriya Osman\u00ee \u00fb \u015eahdom\u00ea Faris re t\u00eakil\u00ee digirt, Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de bi awayek\u00ee \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb prat\u00eek\u00ee bi dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean pi\u00e7\u00fbk re mij\u00fbl b\u00fb, pi\u015ftgir\u00ee da \u00fb dema ku p\u00eaw\u00eest b\u00fb, wek\u00ee h\u00eazek biryardar tevdigeriya di avakirina dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean pi\u00e7\u00fbk de ku ji hindikah\u00ee, e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb mezheb\u00ean c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr \u00ean ku bi van \u00eemparatoriyan re nakok\u00ee heb\u00fbn, p\u00eak hatin.<\/p>\n

Di du sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee de, Rojhilata Nav\u00een di war\u00ea h\u00eaz\u00ea de kr\u00eezek k\u00fbr jiyan kiriye, ne ten\u00ea di derbar\u00ea gir\u00eaday\u00eeb\u00fbna hegemon\u00eek de l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de di par\u00e7ekirina her\u00eam\u00ea di nav dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee de j\u00ee. Di v\u00ea kr\u00eez\u00ea de, \u00cemperatoriya Osman\u00ee hilwe\u015fiya \u00fb gelek dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ea hatin avakirin. Li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea, dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean Ereb li ser bingeha hesab\u00ean \u00cemperatoriya Br\u00eetan\u00ee ji bo kontrolkirina r\u00eaya ber bi Hindistan\u00ea, xwed\u00eekirina \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean petrol\u00ea \u00fb kontrolkirina \u00cemperatoriya Osman\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f ketin. Her \u00e7end Ereb di nav b\u00eest \u00fb du dewletan de par\u00e7e b\u00fbn j\u00ee, per\u00e7eb\u00fbna di nav sedan e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb mezheban de wek\u00ee fikarek domdar ma. Her \u00e7end ev dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee b\u00fbn saziy\u00ean sereke y\u00ean ajan \u00ean hegemonya kap\u00eetal\u00eest a gerd\u00fbn\u00ee j\u00ee, retor\u00eeka wan a neteweperest h\u00eamanek p\u00eaw\u00eest a tekn\u00eek\u00ean h\u00eaz\u00ea y\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest e. Hesab\u00ean h\u00eaz\u00ea y\u00ean van b\u00eest \u00fb du dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee \u00fb l\u00ea\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ean wan \u00ean d\u00een \u00fb nep\u00eakan in ku netewe \u00fb \u00e7anda mezin a Ereb ji \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea b\u00eatir xwarine. Her \u00e7end gel\u00ean wan \u00ea\u015f diki\u015f\u00eenin j\u00ee, ev h\u00eaz dudil\u00ee nakin ku her c\u00fbre \u015fahiy\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan bidin ku tewra Nemr\u00fbd \u00fb F\u00eerewnan j\u00ee di bin siya wan de dim\u00eene. Ya ku v\u00ea h\u00eaz\u00ea dide wan xweday\u00ea wan \u00ea n\u00fb y\u00ea la\u00eek e: dewleta netewey\u00ee. Dilsoziya wan bi xweday\u00ean wan \u00ean kevin re derew\u00een \u00fb r\u00fbber\u00ee ye. Di demek\u00ea de ku Tirk, el\u00eeta serdest a \u00cemperatoriya Osman\u00ee, bi dewletek netewey\u00ee ya pi\u00e7\u00fbk li Anatoliy\u00ea mij\u00fbl in, k\u00eamnetewey\u00ean Tirk \u00fb Tirkmen li Balkanan, Qefqasya \u00fb Rojhilata Nav\u00een bi tena ser\u00ea xwe hatine hi\u015ftin. Dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean din \u00ean Tirk\u00ee di bin hegemonya R\u00fbsyay\u00ea de, ji bil\u00ee patronajiya YE \u00fb Dewlet\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee y\u00ean Amer\u00eekay\u00ea, heb\u00fbn bi dest xistine. Ew \u00e7avkaniya nakokiy\u00ea ne. Tev\u00ee \u00eediay\u00ean wan \u00ean pir neteweperest, ji bo wan dijwar e ku b\u00eay\u00ee hegemonyay\u00ea bij\u00een. Ew para gir\u00eeng a kr\u00eez\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee hildigirin \u00fb xwed\u00ee potansiyela kaot\u00eek in. Ermen\u00ee, Yewnan\u00ean Anatoliy\u00ea, As\u00fbr\u00ee \u00fb Pontiyan, dema ku bi r\u00eaya paqijkirina etn\u00eek\u00ee hatine ko\u00e7berkirin, bi windakirina \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ean xwe y\u00ean \u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb fezay\u00ee y\u00ean hezar sal\u00ee re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb mane. Rew\u015fa Cih\u00fbyan, hem wek\u00ee gel \u00fb hem j\u00ee wek\u00ee ol, wek\u00ee d\u00eenam\u00eekek din a kaos\u00ea ya pir gir\u00eeng li her\u00eam\u00ea rolek gir\u00eeng dil\u00eeze, hema hema wek\u00ee ku d\u00eeroka xwe ji n\u00fb ve bij\u00een. Wek\u00ee h\u00eazek p\u00ea\u015feng a avaker a modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, veguher\u00een\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ea di du sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee de rew\u015fa w\u00ea ya kaot\u00eek k\u00fbrtir kiriye. Kurd, gel\u00ea her\u00ee kevin \u00ea her\u00eam\u00ea, her gav li ber qirkirina \u00e7and\u00ee b\u00fbne. Gel\u00ea Kurd her tim di rew\u015fek “teng” de, wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00eepek dan\u00fbstandin\u00ea ya zexm di siyaseta par\u00e7e bike \u00fb hukum bike de hatiye girtin. \u00ceran her tim di rew\u015fek rage\u015fiya navxwey\u00ee de hatiye girtin \u00fb hewl hatiye day\u00een ku w\u00ea kontrol bikin. Wek\u00ee ku ev ne bes be, kaosa siyas\u00ee ya li \u00ceran\u00ea ji h\u00eala \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ean jiyan\u00ea y\u00ean la\u00eek \u00fb ol\u00ee ve b\u00eatir k\u00fbrtir b\u00fbye, ku her du j\u00ee di dawiy\u00ea de hevkar\u00ean kontrolkir\u00ee ne. Modern\u00eest\u00ean \u00ceran\u00ee b\u00ea\u015ferm\u00ee p\u00fbt\u00ea dewleta netewey\u00ee, berhema kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea, wek\u00ee ruhan\u00eeyek mezin di bin nav\u00ea “Komara \u00ceslam\u00ee” de p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dikin. \u00ceran, ku niha fa\u015f\u00eezma saz\u00fbman\u00ee tems\u00eel dike, di nav lep\u00ean kr\u00eez\u00ea de t\u00eadiko\u015fe \u00fb xala qels a pergala kap\u00eetal\u00eest a c\u00eehan\u00ee p\u00eak t\u00eene, xuya dike ku dikeve serdemek kaot\u00eek \u00fb heb\u00fbn\u00eetir pirsgir\u00eaktir. E\u015fkere ye ku hem\u00ee dewlet\u00ean mezin \u00fb pi\u00e7\u00fbk \u00ean ku li her\u00eam\u00ea hatine avakirin, \u00e7i di bin maskeya neteweperestiy\u00ea de bin \u00e7i j\u00ee di bin olperestiy\u00ea de bin, ji bil\u00ee ajan \u00fb kesayet\u00ean kevnar \u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ti rolek nel\u00eestine. Dema ku meriv li d\u00eerok\u00ean wan \u00ean kurt din\u00eare, h\u00easan e ku meriv f\u00eam bike ku dewlet\u00ean neteweperest \u00fb \u00eeslam\u00ee di du sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee de berhem\u00ean emperyal\u00eezm\u00ea ne. Kr\u00eez\u00ean desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ea li Rojhilata Nav\u00een hem d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee hemdem in. P\u00eevana d\u00eerok\u00ee gir\u00eadana xwe bi s\u00eestema kast\u00ea re e\u015fkere dike, l\u00ea p\u00eevana hemdem gir\u00eadana xwe bi modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest re e\u015fkere dike, ku qonaxa daw\u00ee ya s\u00eestema kast\u00ea ya ku\u015ftin\u00ea ye. \u00c7awa ku anal\u00eezkirina pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean ku ji \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya xwe ya d\u00eerok\u00ee veqetand\u00ee ne ji ber r\u00fbpo\u015fa modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest di du sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee de xelet e, her weha pa\u015fguhkirina l\u00eaz\u00eadekirin\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve ji ber karakter\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ea pirsgir\u00eakan hatine \u00e7\u00eakirin j\u00ee xelet e. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm bi xwe di avahiya civaka her\u00eam\u00ea de diyardeyek nenas an nenas n\u00eene. Bi hezaran salan e, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm xwe wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00eenek bazirgan-fa\u00eezxwaz n\u00ee\u015fan daye. V\u00ea \u00e7\u00een\u00ea her gav t\u00eakiliya xwe ya n\u00eaz\u00eek bi desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb yekdestdariy\u00ean \u00e7andiniy\u00ea re parastiye. Ev \u00e7\u00een j\u00ee ew \u00e7\u00eena ku her\u00ee z\u00eade kr\u00eezan \u00eestismar dike ye. Ew ji h\u00eala hem\u00ee ol\u00ean p\u00eeroz ve t\u00ea \u015fermezarkirin… Ev tam ew kom e ku civak\u00ean komunal wek\u00ee b\u00eaexlaq dib\u00eenin \u00fb ji xwe d\u00fbr dixin.<\/p>\n

Derketina hol\u00ea ya v\u00ea be\u015f\u00ea encama modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest e. Rewatiya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ya ku van be\u015f\u00ea li Ewropay\u00ea bi dest xistine, heta Rojhilata Nav\u00een j\u00ee hatiye dir\u00eajkirin \u00fb hevsengiy\u00ean civak\u00ee t\u00eak biriye. Dema ku Br\u00eetanya, wek\u00ee n\u00fbner\u00ea \u00e7\u00eena burjuwa, gih\u00ee\u015ft her\u00eam\u00ea \u00fb hevkar\u00ean xwe ava kir, ji bo h\u00eaza hegemon\u00eek be\u015fek gir\u00eeng afirand. Ev be\u015f\u00ea komprador, digel burokrasiy\u00ea, modern\u00eeteya Rojava an\u00ee Rojhilata Nav\u00een. S\u00eestema modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest di ser\u00ee de bi r\u00eaya van her du be\u015f\u00ea hevkar hewl da ku xwe li her\u00eam\u00ea bic\u00eeh bike. Ev be\u015f\u00ea ku di civaka Rojhilata Nav\u00een de her\u00ee z\u00eade xer\u00eebb\u00fbn\u00ea dij\u00een, aliy\u00ea civak\u00ee y\u00ea kr\u00eez\u00ea tems\u00eel dikin. Nirx\u00ean xer\u00eebkirin\u00ea y\u00ean ku ew t\u00eenin \u00e7anda her\u00eam\u00ea ji bil\u00ee xurtkirina kr\u00eez \u00fb kaos\u00ea civak\u00ee, ti rolek nal\u00eezin.<\/p>\n

Burjuwaz\u00ee, ku di du sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee de di kre\u015fa dewleta netewey\u00ee de hatiye xwed\u00eekirin, derz\u00eekirinek biyan\u00ee b\u00fbye nav avahiya civak\u00ee ya d\u00eerok\u00ee ya her\u00eam\u00ea. L\u00ea ev derz\u00eekirin kok negirtiye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew dudil\u00ee nake ku am\u00fbra xwe ya dewlet\u00ea \u00fb yekdestdariy\u00ean li ser aboriy\u00ea li ser bingehek fa\u015f\u00eest bikar b\u00eene; Bi rasttir, ji bil\u00ee ku ser\u00ee li fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea bide wek\u00ee yekdestdariya sermayey\u00ea ku bi r\u00eaya desthilatdariy\u00ea t\u00ea f\u00eeltrekirin, ti bijarteyek w\u00ea tune ye. Li her\u00eam\u00ean din \u00ean bi heman reng\u00ee y\u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea \u00fb li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, ev taybetmendiya sermayey\u00ea \u00fb zor\u00ea di avakirina dewleta netewey\u00ee de bingeha bingeh\u00een a fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene. Fa\u015f\u00eezm wek\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweya desthilatdariy\u00ea ku t\u00ea de sermaye bi dewleta netewey\u00ee ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye, wek\u00ee p\u00eerika sermayeya ku ji desthilatdariy\u00ea diherike, wateyek\u00ea dist\u00eene.<\/p>\n

Bi kurtas\u00ee, hinardekirina kap\u00eetal\u00eezm, sermaye \u00fb burjuvaziy\u00ea ji h\u00eala modern\u00eeteya Rojavay\u00ee ve bo Rojhilata Nav\u00een kr\u00eeza civak\u00ee ya kevne\u015fop\u00ee \u00fb rew\u015fa kaot\u00eek h\u00een k\u00fbrtir kiriye. B\u00ea guman, jiyanek civak\u00ee heye. L\u00ea ev jiyan hinek\u00ee di\u015fibihe t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena heywan\u00ean ku ser\u00ea wan hatiye bir\u00een an j\u00ee hin organ\u00ean wan hatine qutkirin.<\/p>\n

D\u00ea k\u00eamasiyek mezin be ku rola hegemonya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek di \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de ney\u00ea d\u00eetin. Di destp\u00eaka sedsala 19-an de, modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest a Ewrop\u00ee hegemonya xwe ya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek li ser t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina rastiy\u00ea ava kirib\u00fb. Bi v\u00ea serdestiya di t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina rastiy\u00ea de ket Rojhilata Nav\u00een. P\u00ea\u015f\u00ee, w\u00ea her\u00eam bi r\u00eaya m\u00eesyoneran ji n\u00fb ve ke\u015ff kir. Pa\u015f\u00ea, t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin\u00ean r\u00eawiyan \u00fb ‘l\u00eakol\u00eener\u00ean zanist\u00ee’ y\u00ean li ser her\u00eam\u00ea veguher\u00ee dibistanek raman\u00ea ku bi nav\u00ea ‘Oryantal\u00eezm’ t\u00ea zan\u00een. Oryantal\u00eezm hegemonyaya rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee ya \u015faristaniya Ewropaya Rojava ye. Ji sedsala 19-an \u00fb p\u00ea ve, hi\u015fmendiya Rojhilat h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee serxweb\u00fbna xwe winda kir. Raman\u00ean oryantal\u00eest serdest b\u00fbn. Rew\u015fenb\u00eer \u00fb el\u00eet\u00ean Rojhilat\u00ee j\u00ee ketin bin serdestiya ramana oryantal\u00eest. Hem\u00fb guhertoy\u00ean l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea, nemaze neteweperest\u00ee, \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee hi\u015fmendiya Rojhilat kirin. Heta tevger\u00ean ramana \u00ceslam\u00ee \u00fb y\u00ean din \u00ean ol\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00fb li ser bingeha \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ean oryantal\u00eest p\u00ea\u015f ketin.<\/p>\n

Tevger\u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee y\u00ean ku bi sedsala 20-an re p\u00ea\u015f ketin, di bingeh de saziy\u00ean ajan \u00ean ramana oryantal\u00eest in. Damezr\u00eener\u00ean dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee, berevaj\u00ee \u00eed\u00eeay\u00ean wan \u00ean pir caran, ne al\u00eegir\u00ean ramana serbixwe b\u00fbn. Hem\u00fb \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean raman\u00ea di sedsala 20-an de, di nav de ramana \u00e7epgir j\u00ee, mohra oryantal\u00eezm\u00ea li Rojhilata Nav\u00een hildigirin. Her \u00e7end raman\u00ean ku bi nav\u00ea zanista civak\u00ee li her\u00eam\u00ea hatine adaptekirin wek\u00ee rastiy\u00ean zanist\u00ee y\u00ean gerd\u00fbn\u00ee t\u00eane p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kirin j\u00ee, ew hem\u00ee di bingeh de oryantal\u00eest in. B\u00ea guman, oryantal\u00eezm h\u00eaza xwe ji n\u00eaz\u00eekb\u00fbna rastiy\u00ea ji \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ean der\u00fbn\u00ee y\u00ean kevintir digire.<\/p>\n

L\u00eabel\u00ea, li gor\u00ee kr\u00eez \u00fb hilwe\u015f\u00eena avahiya gi\u015ft\u00ee ya pergal\u00ea di dawiya sedsala 20-an de, ev serdest\u00ee, ku bi qas\u00ee du sedsalan dom kir, kr\u00eez \u00fb hilwe\u015f\u00een j\u00ee jiyan kir. Felsefe li hember tekn\u00eek\u00ean zanist\u00ee y\u00ean sepand\u00ee gir\u00eengiya xwe ya ber\u00ea winda kir, di heman dem\u00ea de zanist k\u00eam b\u00fb tekn\u00eek\u00ean l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea y\u00ean b\u00eahejmar. Huner, pi\u015ft\u00ee serdema klas\u00eek, nirxa xwe wek\u00ee dibistanek raman\u00ea winda kir \u00fb di forma p\u00ee\u015fesaziya girsey\u00ee de k\u00eam b\u00fb kel\u00fbpelek xav. Di dawiy\u00ea de, her s\u00ea j\u00ee b\u00fbn am\u00fbr\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eezm, dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, felsefe, zanist \u00fb huner fonksiyon\u00ean xwe y\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean l\u00eager\u00een \u00fb \u00eefadekirina rastiy\u00ea winda kirin.<\/p>\n

Ev kr\u00eeza di zanist, felsefe \u00fb huner\u00ea de li Rojava wateya xwe di k\u00eamb\u00fbna oryantal\u00eezm\u00ea li Rojhilata Nav\u00een de dib\u00eene. Ji v\u00ea perspekt\u00eefa bingeh\u00een, xala yekem ku dikare di derbar\u00ea niha de were gotin ev e ku ne h\u00eaz\u00ean serdest \u00ean kevne\u015fop\u00ee \u00fb ne j\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00fbjen ji bo pirsgir\u00eaka civak\u00ee bi gelemper\u00ee \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee ji bo r\u00eaya derketina ji kr\u00eez \u00fb kaos\u00ea \u00e7areseriyek p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f nakin. \u00c7i bi nav\u00ea \u00eedeolojiya ol\u00ee be \u00e7i j\u00ee neteweperest be, penagehkirina di d\u00eeroka kevne\u015fop\u00ee de \u00e7areseriyek p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f nake, ji ber ku d\u00eeroka van h\u00eazan j\u00ee d\u00eerokek ne\u00e7areseriy\u00ea ye. Ji aliyek\u00ee din ve, h\u00eaz\u00ean n\u00fbjen j\u00ee ti \u00e7areseriyek p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f nakin. Ew \u00e7awa dikarin bibin \u00e7areser\u00ee dema ku ew bi xwe avaker\u00ean pergala her\u00ee pirsgir\u00eakdar \u00fb pir caran kr\u00eez l\u00ea dagirt\u00ee ne? Dema ku pergala kap\u00eetal\u00eest a c\u00eehan\u00ee, qonaxa daw\u00ee ya pergala kast\u00ea, kr\u00eezek bingeh\u00een \u00fb avah\u00eesaziy\u00ea dij\u00ee \u00fb nikare r\u00eayek ji bo derketin\u00ea bib\u00eene, ew dikare \u00e7i \u00e7areseriyek p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f\u00ee pirsgir\u00eak \u00fb kr\u00eez\u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een bike, ku bingeh\u00ean w\u00ea vedigerin destp\u00eaka pergala kast\u00ea \u00fb modern\u00eetey\u00ea h\u00een dijwartir kiriye? B\u00fbyer\u00ean hey\u00ee mezinahiya kr\u00eez \u00fb ne\u00e7areseriy\u00ea \u00eespat dikin.<\/p>\n

5- Hin Nakokiy\u00ean D\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb Niha ku Li benda \u00c7areseriy\u00ea ne<\/strong><\/p>\n

Em dikarin hin nakokiy\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean ku n\u00fbb\u00fbn \u00fb xuyang\u00ean berbi\u00e7av \u00ean h\u00eaza \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb yekdestdariya dewlet\u00ea diyar dikin wiha r\u00eaz bikin:<\/p>\n

1-<\/strong> Zayend\u00eet\u00ee pirsgir\u00eaka her\u00ee dijwar e ku meriv derbas bike \u00fb astengiya her\u00ee mezin a li p\u00ea\u015fiya azadiy\u00ea li Rojhilata Nav\u00een e. Bingeha \u00eestismar \u00fb pirsgir\u00eakan li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, zayendperest\u00ee ye. Ew yekem qada pirsgir\u00eak\u00ea ye ku \u00e7anda civak\u00eeb\u00fbna azad t\u00eak dide. Dikare were gotin ku li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, her ol, bawer\u00ee \u00fb \u00eedeolojiya dewlet\u00ea ji Sumeriyan ve hem ji h\u00eala felsef\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee ji h\u00eala exlaq\u00ee ve zayendperest\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fxistiye \u00fb saz kiriye.<\/p>\n

Ji bo gel\u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een, zayendperest\u00ee b\u00fbye pejirandinek b\u00ea guman \u00fb xwezay\u00ee. Ev astengiya her\u00ee mezin e ji bo derbaskirina pirsgir\u00eak\u00ea. Ji ber ku ji bo derbaskirina w\u00ea, div\u00ea pirsgir\u00eak p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee wek\u00ee pirsgir\u00eak were pejirandin.<\/p>\n

Gel\u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een \u00eero ji w\u00ea raman\u00ea d\u00fbr in ku pirsgir\u00eaka zayendperestiy\u00ea li pi\u015ft kr\u00eez\u00ean abor\u00ee, siyas\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee y\u00ean ku ew dij\u00een e. Ronakb\u00eer\u00ee di v\u00ee al\u00ee de hewcedariyek ne\u00e7ar e.<\/p>\n

Zehmetiy\u00ean civaka Rojhilata Nav\u00een di \u00e7areserkirina pirsgir\u00eaka zayendperestiy\u00ea de pir in. Ji ber ku pirsgir\u00eak piral\u00ee \u00fb k\u00fbr e. Asta ronakb\u00eeriy\u00ea li dij\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea qels e. L\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de avantajek pir ba\u015f j\u00ee heye.<\/p>\n

2-<\/strong> Rojhilata Nav\u00een qadeke ku desthilatdar\u00ee bi r\u00eaya avakirina xanedan\u00ee ya e\u015f\u00eeran p\u00ea\u015fketiye. Di \u00e7anda e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee de, e\u015f\u00eera ku ji pev\u00e7\u00fbnan serket\u00ee derketiye asta p\u00eeroziya xwe k\u00fbrtir kiriye. Her ku serketin z\u00eadetir bibin, p\u00eeroz\u00ee ewqas k\u00fbrtir dibe.<\/p>\n

Dema ku xanedan\u00ee veguherin h\u00eaz\u00ean h\u00een mezintir, p\u00eerozkirin bi ol berdewam kir. Xak\u00ean berfireh \u00ean wel\u00eat wek\u00ee milk\u00ea xanedaniy\u00ea dihatin d\u00eetin. Ji w\u00ea roj\u00ea heta \u00eero, e\u015f\u00eer, qeb\u00eele \u00fb xanedan\u00ee di qada siyas\u00ee de ne. Tewra pi\u015ft\u00ee hilwe\u015f\u00eena rej\u00eem\u00ean xanedan\u00ee j\u00ee, malbat\u00ean berfireh bandora xwe berdewam dikin.<\/p>\n

Olan malbat p\u00eeroz kirin \u00fb bi r\u00eaya malbat\u00ea j\u00ee, dewlet p\u00eeroz b\u00fbn. S\u00eestema kap\u00eetal\u00eest a n\u00fbjen malbata berfireh a nisbeten komunal ji hol\u00ea rakir \u00fb \u00e7anda “malbata navok\u00ee” saz kir. Div\u00ea were zan\u00een ku ji destp\u00eaka avakirina yekem a desthilatdariy\u00ea ve, malbat her gav di bin nav\u00ean c\u00fbda de heb\u00fbye \u00fb di navenda desthilatdariy\u00ea de ye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye ku hem\u00fb s\u00eestem\u00ean desthilatdariy\u00ea avakirina dewlet\u00ea bi avakirina malbat\u00ea re gir\u00eadaye. Heta \u00eero j\u00ee, hilwe\u015f\u00eena malbat\u00ea bi hilwe\u015f\u00eena dewlet\u00ea re wekhev e.<\/p>\n

Rojhilata Nav\u00een ew her\u00eam e ku \u00e7anda malbat\u00ea her\u00ee k\u00fbr l\u00ea kok girtiye. Ev ji ber ku ew hem bingeha modela yekem a desthilatdariy\u00ea ye ku ji h\u00eala ol ve t\u00ea p\u00eeroz kirin \u00fb hem j\u00ee ji h\u00eala hem\u00ee \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean desthilatdariy\u00ea ve t\u00ea parastin.<\/p>\n

Nirxandina malbat\u00ea ten\u00ea bi perspekt\u00eefa serdestiya m\u00ear an \u00eestismara jinan berhema perspekt\u00eefek teng e. Malbat di bingeh de saziyek e ku hem\u00ee endam\u00ean xwe li gor\u00ee rej\u00eema desthilatdariy\u00ea \u015fekil dide. Nirxandinek k\u00fbrtir d\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan bide ku malbat saziyek e ku her\u00ee k\u00eam bi qas\u00ee ku jinan \u00eestismar dike m\u00earan \u00eestismar dike. P\u00eanaseya Louis Althusser a malbat\u00ea wek\u00ee “yek ji am\u00fbr\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00ean dewlet\u00ea” pir rast \u00fb h\u00eaja ye. Malbat bi gelemper\u00ee wek\u00ee avahiyek civak\u00ee t\u00ea hesibandin, hetta wek\u00ee bingeha civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea. L\u00eabel\u00ea, malbat ji saziyek civak\u00ee b\u00eatir saziyek dewlet-desthilat e. B\u00ea guman, malbat nikare bi tevah\u00ee were rakirin. Dibe ku ew hewce bike ku heb\u00fbna xwe di hin ast\u00ean diyarkir\u00ee de wek\u00ee celebek t\u00eakiliy\u00ea bidom\u00eene. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ronakb\u00eeriyeke hi\u015fmendane di derbar\u00ea saziya malbat\u00ea \u00fb demokrat\u00eezekirina w\u00ea ya gav bi gav \u00fb veguher\u00eena w\u00ea bo avahiyeke civak\u00ee ya kom\u00eenal de pir gir\u00eeng e. Li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, b\u00eay\u00ee demokrat\u00eezekirina malbat\u00ea, ne mimk\u00fbn e ku civak \u00e7andeke demokrat\u00eek a l\u00eebertaryan bi dest bixe. Div\u00ea hi\u015fyarkirina li ser malbat\u00ea \u00fb t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena ji bo veguher\u00eena w\u00ea wek\u00ee t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena rizgariy\u00ea were hesibandin.<\/p>\n

3-<\/strong> Nakokiya Ereb-Cih\u00fbyan ku pirsgir\u00eakek d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb hemdem e, bi r\u00eaya h\u00eaz \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean hegemon\u00eek nay\u00ea \u00e7areserkirin ji ber ku ew ji h\u00eala pergal\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea di d\u00eerok\u00ea de \u00fb ji h\u00eala modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve di d\u00eeroka niha \u00fb ya n\u00eaz\u00eek de hatiye hilberandin. \u00ceslam \u00fb Cih\u00fbt\u00ee qet nikarin li hev werin heya ku ji \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya h\u00eaz \u00fb dewlet\u00ea ney\u00ean azadkirin. Heta ku ew israr bikin ku di desthilatdariy\u00ea \u00fb desthilatdariya dewlet\u00ea de bin, her du h\u00eaz d\u00ea heb\u00fbna xwe ten\u00ea di hilwe\u015fandina hev de bib\u00eenin, wek\u00ee ku di d\u00eerok\u00ea de kirine \u00fb \u00eero j\u00ee berdewam dikin. Ji ber ku d\u00eerok\u00ean desthilatdariy\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee t\u00eane \u00e7\u00eakirin. Modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ev p\u00eavajo dijwartir \u00fb xurttir kiriye. Li gor\u00ee modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, \u00e7areser\u00ee per\u00e7iqandina yek ji aliy\u00ean dijber e. D\u00eeroka p\u00eancsed sal\u00ee ya modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest tij\u00ee nim\u00fbney\u00ean b\u00eahejmar \u00ean \u00e7areseriy\u00ean weha ye. Ne\u00e7ar e ku ev pirsgir\u00eak ku n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee sed salan bandorek ney\u00een\u00ee li her\u00eam\u00ea kiriye \u00fb b\u00fbye sedema \u00ea\u015f \u00fb windahiy\u00ean mezin, di bin n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean serdest \u00ean hey\u00ee de bi bandor\u00ean h\u00een xirabtir berdewam bike.<\/p>\n

Tu m\u00eenak r\u00fby\u00ea rast\u00een \u00fb xw\u00een\u00ee y\u00ea \u00e7areseriy\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea y\u00ean bi desthilatdariy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee, y\u00ean li ser bingeha dewlet\u00ea, bi qas\u00ee pirsgir\u00eaka Ereb-Cih\u00fbyan e\u015fkere nake. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ji 7\u2019\u00ea Cotmeha 2023\u2019an vir ve li Xezzey\u00ea diqewime, ev yek bi tevah\u00ee e\u015fkere kiriye. Ya h\u00een tirsnaktir ew e ku ew ji h\u00eala h\u00eaz\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve rast\u00ee qirkirin\u00ea hatine ku Cih\u00fbyan bi xwe di avakirina w\u00ea de roleke mezin l\u00eestine.<\/p>\n

4-<\/strong> Nakokiya el\u00eeta desthilatdar a Tirkiyey\u00ea di navbera Kurd, Ermen\u00ee, As\u00fbr\u00ee, Yewnan\u00ee \u00fb Cih\u00fbyan de j\u00ee bi bingeh\u00een di modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de kok digire. Her \u00e7end kok\u00ean w\u00ea vedigerin \u015faristaniy\u00ean kevnar, belavb\u00fbna s\u00ea siwar\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest – kap\u00eetal\u00eezm, dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee – li her\u00eam\u00ea b\u00fbye sedema b\u00eahejmar komkujiy\u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb netewey\u00ee y\u00ean ku di d\u00eeroka Anatoliya \u00fb Mezopotamyay\u00ea de b\u00eahempa ne. Ev gel \u00fb \u00e7and di du sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee y\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de ber bi dijminatiya tund a li hember hev ve hatine ajotin \u00fb rast\u00ee komkujiy\u00ean hevbe\u015f hatine. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, dema ku bi hezaran sal m\u00eerata \u00e7and\u00ee hate tasfiyekirin, hin gel ji her\u00eam\u00ea hatin derxistin \u00fb hatin tunekirin. Y\u00ean ku man veguher\u00een e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean \u00e7ol\u00ea an \u00e7iyay\u00ee. Nakok\u00ee di rastiy\u00ea de ne di navbera Tirkan \u00fb gel\u00ean din de ye, ne j\u00ee di navbera gelan bi xwe de ye. Nakok\u00ee ji h\u00eala h\u00eaz\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean hegemon\u00eek \u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve t\u00eane \u00e7\u00eakirin. Ev h\u00eaz ji bo berjewendiy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean konjonkturel \u00ean li her\u00eam\u00ea dudil\u00ee nekirin ku van gel\u00ean her\u00ee kevin \u00ean her\u00eam\u00ea li dij\u00ee hev biciv\u00eenin. Ev hem\u00fb gel, ku bi hev re di \u015fer de ne, di esl\u00ea xwe de qurbaniy\u00ean h\u00eaz \u00fb \u00eestismara kap\u00eetal\u00eezma yekdestdar in. Mixabin, ev gel bi k\u00fbrah\u00ee hay ji k\u00ea an \u00e7i n\u00eenin dema ku hevdu w\u00earan dikin. Komkujiy\u00ean ku di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya v\u00ea nakokiy\u00ea de qewim\u00eene ten\u00ea bes in ku \u00eespat bikin ku modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest di d\u00eerok\u00ea de ji hem\u00fb pergal\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea y\u00ean her\u00ee xw\u00een\u00ee ye. Cih\u00ean ku carek\u00ea li seranser\u00ea Rojhilata Nav\u00een ‘bax\u00e7ey\u00ea gelan’ b\u00fbn, \u00eero veguheriye ‘goristana gelan’ a b\u00eadeng.<\/p>\n

5-<\/strong> Nakokiy\u00ean ol\u00ee \u00fb mezheb\u00ee pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean ku div\u00ea teqez li Rojhilata Nav\u00een werin \u00e7areserkirin in. Nakok\u00ee \u00fb pev\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ean di navbera \u00ceslam \u00fb Cih\u00fbtiy\u00ea, \u00ceslam \u00fb Xiristiyantiy\u00ea, \u00fb heta Xiristiyant\u00ee \u00fb Cih\u00fbtiy\u00ea de, dikarin di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya proto-modern\u00eetey\u00ea de werin anal\u00eezkirin. Sedem \u00fb \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean pev\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ean ol\u00ee ber\u00ee modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest di modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de j\u00ee t\u00eane n\u00ee\u015fandan. Bi taybet\u00ee, div\u00ea s\u00ea ol\u00ean yekxweday\u00ee y\u00ean ku li Rojhilata Nav\u00een derketine hol\u00ea wek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f-neteweperest\u00ee werin hesibandin. C\u00fbdahiya di navbera van ol \u00fb neteweperestiy\u00ean modern de ev e ku ew maskeyek teoloj\u00eek li xwe dikin. Di dawiy\u00ea de, hem ola desthilatdariy\u00ea \u00fb hem j\u00ee ya dewlet\u00ea, \u00fb vegotin\u00ean ku b\u00fbne gotara netewe-dewlet\u00ea ya modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, xizmet\u00ea ji heman berjewendiy\u00ean yekdestdar re dikin. Wek\u00ee di d\u00eerok\u00ea de, \u015fer\u00ean mezheb\u00ee y\u00ean \u00eero li Ewropa \u00fb Rojhilata Nav\u00een ji \u015faristaniya dewletpar\u00eaz \u00fb modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest derdikevin \u00fb li ser bingeha heman berjewendiyan b\u00eanavber berdewam dikin. Di \u015faristaniya \u00ceslam\u00ee de, nakok\u00ee \u00fb pev\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ean di navbera h\u00eaza dewlet\u00ea \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean gel de ji serdema P\u00eaxember Muhammed dest p\u00ea kirine. Pi\u015ft\u00ee mirina Muhammed, s\u00ea ji \u00e7ar xel\u00eefeyan ji ber van pev\u00e7\u00fbnan hatin ku\u015ftin. Di encam\u00ea de, yekem dabe\u015fb\u00fbn\u00ean civak\u00ee, \u00e7\u00een\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ea di c\u00eehana \u00ceslam\u00ee de \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbn: Muawiye, ku n\u00fbnertiya \u00e7\u00eena jor\u00een a ar\u00eestokrat dike; Ehl-i Beyt, ku n\u00fbnertiya malbata Muhammed dike; \u00fb Xaric\u00eet\u00ee, ku n\u00fbnertiya be\u015fa rad\u00eekal a e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean xizan dikin. Dema ku \u00ceslama desthilatdariy\u00ea xwe di gelek dewlet \u00fb \u00eemparatoriy\u00ean pi\u00e7\u00fbk de kom kir, xwe wek\u00ee mezheba Sunn\u00ee normal\u00eeze kir \u00fb rewa kir, mezheb\u00ean \u00ceslam\u00ee y\u00ean dij\u00ee desthilatdariy\u00ea hewl dan ku xwe wek\u00ee Xaric\u00eet\u00ee \u00fb Ehl-i Beyt\u00eest saz bikin. \u00ceslama ku li \u00ceran\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb \u00ceslamek veguher\u00ee ye. Her \u00e7end bi gelemper\u00ee wek\u00ee \u015e\u00eea t\u00ea binavkirin j\u00ee, ew di bingeh de \u00ceslama Ehl-i Beyt a \u00e7\u00eena nav\u00een e. Her \u00e7end kok\u00ean w\u00ea vedigerin destp\u00eaka \u00ceslama desthilatdar-navend\u00ee j\u00ee, nakok\u00ee \u00fb pev\u00e7\u00fbna \u015e\u00eea-Sunn\u00ee, di forma xwe ya hey\u00ee de, bi modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Pev\u00e7\u00fbna daw\u00ee ya \u00ceran-Iraq\u00ea ten\u00ea dikare bi rengek rast were fam kirin ger di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee \u00fb gir\u00eadana w\u00ea bi emperyal\u00eezm\u00ea re were l\u00eakol\u00een kirin. Ji ber p\u00ea\u015fkeftina xwe ya bi \u015f\u00eawaza emperyal \u00fb \u00e7anda dewlemend, \u015fekildana \u00ceslam\u00ea ji h\u00eala \u00ceran\u00ea ve ji kevne\u015fopiya civak \u00fb desthilatdariya Ereb\u00ee cuda ye. R\u00eabaz\u00ean dijwar \u00ean ku \u00ceslama Sunn\u00ee di dema fetihkirina \u00ceran\u00ea de bi kar an\u00ee j\u00ee rolek l\u00eestin. Dema ku \u00e7\u00eena jor\u00een a \u00ceran\u00ea, ji ber adet\u00ean desthilatdariy\u00ea y\u00ean ku ji \u00eemparatoriy\u00ea m\u00eeras girtine, hewl da ku \u00ceslam\u00ea bi lez \u00fb bez di nav dezgeha dewlet\u00ea de entegre bike, \u00e7\u00eena j\u00ear\u00een, ji ber ku di d\u00eerok\u00ea de ji dest\u00ea kes\u00ean desthilatdar \u00ea\u015f ki\u015fandine haydar in, hewl dane ku \u00ceslam\u00ea wek\u00ee celebek civaka siv\u00eel \u00fb bi awayek\u00ee dij\u00ee-desthilatdariy\u00ea prat\u00eek bikin. Ev her gav wisa b\u00fbye, bi n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean c\u00fbda di navbera \u00e7\u00een\u00ean jor\u00een, nav\u00een \u00fb j\u00ear\u00een de. Ev di d\u00eeroka \u00cerana \u00ceslam\u00ee de diyar e.<\/p>\n

6-<\/strong> Neb\u00fbna demokrasiy\u00ea li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, rastiya desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb dewleta despot\u00eek, \u015fer\u00ean b\u00eadaw\u00ee, \u00eestismara her\u00eam\u00ea ji h\u00eala h\u00eaz\u00ean hegemon\u00eek \u00fb hevkar\u00ean wan ve, z\u00eadeb\u00fbna xizaniy\u00ea, b\u00eakariy\u00ea \u00fb gelek sedem\u00ean din b\u00fbne sedema ko\u00e7beriya navxwey\u00ee \u00fb dervey\u00ee ya dijwar li her\u00eam\u00ea. Her sal, bi hezaran kes li ser r\u00eay\u00ean ko\u00e7beriy\u00ea y\u00ean ber bi Ewropa \u00fb Amer\u00eekay\u00ea ve jiyana xwe ji dest didin. Di v\u00ea qonax\u00ea de, pirsgir\u00eaka ko\u00e7beriy\u00ea b\u00fbye yek ji pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean her\u00ee bingeh\u00een \u00ean ku bandor\u00ea li tevahiya c\u00eehan\u00ea dike. Di destp\u00eak\u00ea de ji h\u00eala pergala kap\u00eetal\u00eest a c\u00eehan\u00ee ve ji bo d\u00eetina keda erzan hat\u00ee te\u015fw\u00eeq kirin, ko\u00e7ber\u00ee niha ji h\u00eala heman h\u00eazan ve t\u00ea asteng kirin \u00fb asteng kirin. Ji bo gel\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ea, ko\u00e7ber\u00ee t\u00ea wateya ji welat \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ean xwe d\u00fbrketin \u00fb li welat\u00ean din b\u00fby\u00eena karker\u00ean erzan; di heman dem\u00ea de li welat\u00ean Rojavay\u00ee y\u00ean ku ji ko\u00e7beriy\u00ea bandor b\u00fbne, ew avahiya civak\u00ee diguher\u00eene. Z\u00eadeb\u00fbna tundiya ko\u00e7beriy\u00ea dibe sedema p\u00ea\u015fxistina hest\u00ean dij\u00ee-ko\u00e7beran li navend\u00ean Rojavay\u00ee \u00fb dibe sedema ku partiy\u00ean fa\u015f\u00eest b\u00eatir bandor bibin. Her ku di\u00e7e e\u015fkere dibe ku pirsgir\u00eak ji kap\u00eetal\u00eezma gerd\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb despot\u00eezma her\u00eam\u00ee t\u00ea, \u00fb \u00e7areser\u00ee ten\u00ea bi p\u00ea\u015fxistin \u00fb saz\u00fbmankirina demokrasiy\u00ea li her\u00eam\u00ea mimkun e.<\/p>\n

7-<\/strong> Endustryal\u00eezm-P\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee dikare ji bo metropol\u00ean hegemon\u00eek qezenc\u00ea her\u00ee z\u00eade bike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, bedela w\u00ea \u00e7olkirina dever\u00ean gundan \u00fb valakirina gundan e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew kr\u00eez\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb abor\u00ee k\u00fbrtir dike. Di erdn\u00eegar\u00ee \u00fb jiyana abor\u00ee ya Rojhilata Nav\u00een de, endustryal\u00eezm dibe ku tekn\u00eekek \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa \u00eedeoloj\u00eek-siyas\u00ee be ku encam\u00ean xeternaktir ji \u015fer\u00ean dewlet-desthilatdariy\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadike. Ew bi qas\u00ee qirkirinan xeternak e. Ew h\u00eaza sereke ya berpirsiyar\u00ea guher\u00eena avheway\u00ea, zuwab\u00fbna gol, zozan \u00fb \u00e7eman e, \u00fb heke hilwe\u015f\u00eena w\u00ea bi v\u00ea r\u00eajey\u00ea berdewam bike, ew \u00ea c\u00eehanek ji bo jiyan\u00ea neh\u00eale. Berevaj\u00ee baweriya populer, endustryal\u00eezm am\u00fbra her\u00ee bingeh\u00een e ku \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee abor\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ea dike. Ew di heman dem\u00ea de h\u00eaza w\u00earanker a p\u00ee\u015fesaziya rast\u00een e. P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna endustryal\u00eezm ku ji h\u00eala \u00e7avbir\u00e7\u00eetiya b\u00eadaw\u00ee ya kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ji bo qezenca her\u00ee z\u00eade ve t\u00ea ajotin, welatan ne ber bi serfiraz\u00ee \u00fb dewlemendiy\u00ea ve, l\u00ea ber bi hilwe\u015f\u00een \u00fb xizaniy\u00ea ve dibe; ew ne ten\u00ea wan dixe nav kr\u00eez\u00ea l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de wan dike kavil. W\u00earanb\u00fbna ku ji h\u00eala endustriyal\u00eezm opiy\u00fbm\u00ea li Afganistan\u00ea \u00fb endustriyal\u00eezma petrol\u00ea li Iraq\u00ea ve hat\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakirin bi zelal\u00ee v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Ne ten\u00ea welat w\u00earan dibin; ew di heman dem\u00ea de civak \u00fb \u00e7anda d\u00eerok\u00ee ye. Her \u00e7iqas kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb endustryal\u00eezmb\u00fbn ku div\u00ea li Ewropay\u00ea j\u00ee zengil\u00ean alarm\u00ea l\u00ea bidin, ten\u00ea bi r\u00eaya reforman dikarin werin domandin, li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean ku civak p\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb dim\u00eene, b\u00ea guman dibin pev\u00e7\u00fbn \u00fb \u015fer\u00ean b\u00ea s\u00eenor. K\u00fbrkirina kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb endustryal\u00eezm\u00ea di civaka Rojhilata Nav\u00een de t\u00ea wateya dijwarkirina \u015fer\u00ea li dij\u00ee civak\u00ea bi xwe \u00fb j\u00eengeha w\u00ea. B\u00eay\u00ee ku di bin \u00e7i cil \u00fb berg\u00ean w\u00ea de were p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kirin, forma berbi\u00e7av a niha ya modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, \u00e7ekek stratej\u00eek a \u015fer di forma n\u00eaz\u00eekatiyek s\u00ea-al\u00ee de, v\u00ea biryar\u00ea pi\u015ftrast dike.<\/p>\n

Dema ku em parad\u00eegmaya oryantal\u00eest ji hev veqet\u00eenin, em \u00ea bib\u00eenin ku dawiya ‘\u015eer\u00ea Sar’ ji bo Rojhilata Nav\u00een t\u00ea wateya bazdana ber bi qonaxek bilindtir a ‘\u015eer\u00ea Germ’. Rastiya ku \u015eer\u00ea Kendav\u00ea y\u00ea 1991\u2019an bi pi\u015ft\u00ee bidaw\u00eeb\u00fbna \u015eer\u00ea Sar re hevdem b\u00fb, v\u00ea n\u00ear\u00een\u00ea pi\u015ftrast dike. Ji bo Rojhilata Nav\u00een, \u015fer\u00ea modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest bi hatina Napolyon a Misr\u00ea di destp\u00eaka sal\u00ean 1800\u2019an de dest p\u00ea kir; ew bi afirandina dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee, damezrandina \u00eest\u00eexbarat\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb talankirina hem\u00ee \u00e7avkaniyan, nemaze petrol\u00ea, ji h\u00eala p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ve gih\u00ee\u015ft l\u00fbtkey\u00ea. Ev x\u00eaza gi\u015ft\u00ee ya modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ji bo her\u00eama me ye. Y\u00ean may\u00ee h\u00fbrgul\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ean kurt in ku gelek mijar\u00ean wan dubare dibin.<\/p>\n

6- Hewldan\u00ean Ji N\u00fb Ve D\u00eezaynkirina Her\u00eam\u00ea \u00fb \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea S\u00eayem\u00een<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kr\u00eez \u00fb kaosa ku Rojhilata Nav\u00een di bin \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de dij\u00ee ne ten\u00ea kr\u00eezek e, l\u00ea rew\u015fek \u015fer a rast\u00een e. B\u00ea guman, \u015fer\u00ean \u00eeroy\u00een ne wek\u00ee \u015fer\u00ean serdem\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea \u00fb nav\u00een, ne j\u00ee wek\u00ee \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean \u015fer\u00ea ku ber\u00ee du \u015fer\u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een \u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest hatine jiy\u00een in. Bi taybet\u00ee bi \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem \u00fb Duyem\u00een re, \u015fer b\u00fbn girsey\u00ee. Pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Duyem\u00een, ew b\u00fbn civak\u00ee. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina ku serdema \u015fer\u00ean ku li dervey\u00ee civak\u00ea, bi dabe\u015fb\u00fbn\u00ean navxwey\u00ee \u00fb dervey\u00ee t\u00eane me\u015fandin, bi daw\u00ee b\u00fbye, \u00fb ku serdema n\u00fb ya modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest t\u00ea v\u00ea watey\u00ea ku \u015fer\u00ean navxwey\u00ee \u00fb dervey\u00ee bi hev re di nav civak\u00ea de t\u00eane me\u015fandin, p\u00eadiviyek ji esl\u00ea n\u00fb y\u00ea modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest e.<\/p>\n

B\u00ea guman, qonaxek d\u00eerok\u00ee ya n\u00fb \u00fb c\u00fbda hatiye destp\u00eakirin. Ev p\u00eavajoya ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin ‘\u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea S\u00eayem\u00een’ e, ku bi \u015eer\u00ea Kendav\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem dest p\u00ea kir. Ev \u015fer, ku di r\u00eavebirin \u00fb dema xwe de ji du \u015fer\u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een cuda ye, \u00fb di karakter\u00ea xwe y\u00ea \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ee de berbi\u00e7avtir e, li dever\u00ean c\u00fbda y\u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea t\u00ea me\u015fandin, l\u00ea bi giran\u00ee li Rojhilata Nav\u00een \u00fb Kurdistan\u00ea ye. H\u00eaz\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb hegemon\u00eek \u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ee, y\u00ean ku v\u00ee \u015fer\u00ee p\u00eak t\u00eenin, dixwazin hem\u00fb r\u00eaxistin, avah\u00ee \u00fb rej\u00eem\u00ean ku bi wan re hevkariy\u00ea nakin an j\u00ee deriy\u00ean xwe bi tevah\u00ee ji bo sermayeya c\u00eehan\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7anda kap\u00eetal\u00eest venakin, hilwe\u015f\u00eenin, da ku s\u00fbdek abor\u00ee ya mezintir bi dest bixin \u00fb serdestiya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek, siyas\u00ee \u00fb le\u015fker\u00ee ava bikin. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku li ser Tevgera Azadiya Kurd \u00fb serokatiya w\u00ea hate ferzkirin, dev ji nasnameyeke serbixwe ya Kurd \u00fb r\u00eaya azadiy\u00ea berdan b\u00fb. Dema ku ev nehat qeb\u00fblkirin \u00fb r\u00eaya azadiy\u00ea li seranser\u00ea Kurdistan\u00ea bi bandor b\u00fb, \u015fer\u00ean Gladio y\u00ean NATOy\u00ea li dij\u00ee PKK \u00fb serokatiya w\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee sala 1990\u00ee z\u00eadetir b\u00fbn. Avakirina dewleteke netewey\u00ee ya Kurd a proto-\u00cesra\u00eel\u00ee li Ba\u015f\u00fbr\u00ea Kurdistan\u00ea, wek\u00ee am\u00fbrek ewlehiy\u00ea ya sereke ya Dewleta \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea, li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea hate kirin. \u00car\u00ee\u015fa komploya navnetewey\u00ee ya 9\u00ea Cotmeha 1998an ku armanc dikir R\u00eaber\u00ea Gel\u00ea Kurd Abdullah \u00d6calan, ku n\u00fbnertiya nasnameyeke serbixwe ya Kurd \u00fb r\u00eaya azadiy\u00ea dikir, qonaxek n\u00fb ya \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea S\u00eayem\u00een b\u00fb. Ev qonax bi \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa komploy\u00ea ya pir muhtemel a li ser Birc\u00ean C\u00eaw\u00ee li New York\u00ea di 11\u00ea \u00celona 2001an de h\u00een k\u00fbrtir b\u00fb. \u00ceslama rad\u00eekal, ku pi\u015ft\u00ee hilwe\u015f\u00eena R\u00fbsyaya Sovyet\u00ea di sal\u00ean 1990\u00ee de ji h\u00eala NATO \u00fb pergala hegemon\u00eek a c\u00eehan\u00ee ve wek\u00ee dijminek\u00ee n\u00fb hate ragihandin, di rastiy\u00ea de wek\u00ee maskeyek \u00eedeoloj\u00eek hate bikar an\u00een. Di bingeh de, armanc ew b\u00fb ku hegemonya kap\u00eetal\u00eest a ku pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem li welat\u00ean bi piraniya Misilman \u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een neqediyay\u00ee ma, bi tevah\u00ee were damezrandin. Bi taybet\u00ee, armanc ew b\u00fb ku dewlet\u00ean ku j\u00ea re “dewlet\u00ean serhild\u00ear-serhild\u00ear” \u00ean wek\u00ee \u00ceran, Iraq, S\u00fbriye \u00fb L\u00eebyay\u00ea bi tevah\u00ee werin entegrekirin nav pergal\u00ea, \u00fb bi gelemper\u00ee, hegemonya c\u00eehan\u00ee ya Dewlet\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee were xurtkirin. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, valahiya hegemon\u00eek a pi\u015ft\u00ee hilwe\u015f\u00eena pergala Sovyet\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb d\u00ea ji h\u00eala hegemonya Dewlet\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee ve were dagirtin. Wek\u00ee din, d\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee li derketina req\u00eebek n\u00fb, \u00c7\u00een\u00ea, were girtin. Armanca \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa yekem a li dij\u00ee Afganistan\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee 11\u00ea \u00celona 2001an, ew b\u00fb ku \u00e7alak\u00ee \u00fb \u00een\u00eesiyat\u00eefek bilez were girtin da ku r\u00ea li ber R\u00fbsya \u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ea were girtin ku valahiya hegemon\u00eek a ku li Asyaya Nav\u00een derketiye hol\u00ea dagirin. El Qa\u00eede \u00fb Tal\u00eeban wek\u00ee eniyan ji bo v\u00ea armanc\u00ea hatin bikar an\u00een. Li gor\u00ee amadekariyan, qonaxa yekem a \u015fer serkeft\u00ee b\u00fb. \u00car\u00ee\u015fa Iraq\u00ea bi saya serdestiya teknoloj\u00eek bi lez \u00fb bez gih\u00ee\u015ft armanca xwe. Armanc hilwe\u015fandina rej\u00eema Sedam Hus\u00ean b\u00fb. Ev armanc hat bidestxistin, l\u00ea di qada siyas\u00ee de dijwar\u00eeya rast\u00een derket hol\u00ea. Pi\u015ft\u00ee hilwe\u015fandina rej\u00eemeke serhild\u00ear a wek\u00ee Iraq\u00ea, hem\u00fb xerabiy\u00ean ku di d\u00eeroka \u015faristaniy\u00ea de kom b\u00fbne yek bi yek dest p\u00ea kirin, m\u00eena ku Qut\u00eeya Pandoray\u00ea hatibe vekirin. Bersiva R\u00eaber\u00ea Gel\u00ea Kurd Abdullah Ocalan ji van p\u00ea\u015fketinan \u00fb komploya navnetewey\u00ee ya di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea S\u00eayem\u00een de, dev ji parad\u00eegmaya dewletpar\u00eaz berdan; p\u00ea\u015fxistina s\u00eestemeke konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek a li ser bingeha xweseriy\u00ean demokrat\u00eek, bi parad\u00eegmayeke civak\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek, ekoloj\u00eek \u00fb rizgariya jinan, li Kurdistan, Rojhilata Nav\u00een \u00fb c\u00eehan\u00ea b\u00fb. Ev \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya raman\u00ea, ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin Teoriya Modern\u00eeteya Demokrat\u00eek, di 19\u00ea T\u00eermeha 2012an de, di nav Bihara Ereban de, \u015eore\u015fa Azadiya Rojava an\u00ee dinyay\u00ea. Ev \u015fore\u015fa rizgariya jinan \u00fb r\u00eaberiya jinan ne ten\u00ea ji bo Kurdistan \u00fb Rojhilata Nav\u00een, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de ji bo c\u00eehan\u00ea j\u00ee b\u00fb \u015fore\u015fek, r\u00eaya alternat\u00eefek ji bo modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest n\u00ee\u015fan da. Her ku z\u00eehniyeta neteweya demokrat\u00eek, ku li ser xwezaya wekhev\u00ee \u00fb azad\u00eexwaz a civak\u00ea ye \u00fb yek\u00eet\u00eeya wekhev a cudah\u00eeyan n\u00ee\u015fan dide, \u00fb tems\u00eela w\u00ea, pergala konfederal a demokrat\u00eek, bi \u015eore\u015fa Rojava bandora xwe li seranser\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea z\u00eade kir, h\u00eaz\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ee v\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ea wek\u00ee gefek ji bo xwe d\u00eetin. Di demek\u00ea de ku h\u00eaz\u00ean hegemon\u00eek \u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, ji aliyek\u00ee ve, hewl dan ku \u015fore\u015f\u00ea ji r\u00eaya w\u00ea ya xweser d\u00fbr bixin bi ketina nav w\u00ea di bin maskeya koal\u00eesyonek navnetewey\u00ee ya \u015fer\u00ea li dij\u00ee DAI\u015e\u00ea de, ku yek ji berhem\u00ean wan e, ji aliy\u00ea din ve, wan Tirkiye te\u015fw\u00eeq kir ku \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee \u015eore\u015fa Rojava bi taybet\u00ee \u00fb Tevgera Azadiya Kurd bi gi\u015ft\u00ee bike. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezma c\u00eehan\u00ee, ku v\u00ea \u015fore\u015f\u00ea wek\u00ee gefek ji bo xwe d\u00eet, li \u00e7avkaniya w\u00ea \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee w\u00ea kir… Dema ku armanc\u00ean Komara Tirkiyey\u00ea, ku yekane armanca w\u00ea qirkirina Kurdan e, bi armanc\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean paqijkirin \u00fb gendeliy\u00ea re li hev kirin, Komara Tirkiyey\u00ea ya qirker, pi\u015ftgiriya ku ji kap\u00eetal\u00eezma c\u00eehan\u00ee digirt veguherand firsendeke mezin, plana xwe ya qirkirin\u00ea, ku j\u00ea re digot “Plana Hilwe\u015f\u00een\u00ea”, seferber kir \u00fb di 24\u00ea T\u00eermeha 2015an de \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa xwe da destp\u00eakirin.<\/p>\n

Di serdemeke ku \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ean qirkirin\u00ea y\u00ean li dij\u00ee Tevgera Azadiya Kurd berdewam dikirin de, \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa bi pi\u015ftgiriya Hamas\u00ea ya li ser \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea di 7\u00ea Cotmeha 2023an de qonaxek din di \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea S\u00eayem\u00een de p\u00eak an\u00ee. Pi\u015ft\u00ee v\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea, dewleta netewey\u00ee ya \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea wek\u00ee h\u00eazek hegemon\u00eek derket hol\u00ea. V\u00ea yek\u00ea hevsengiya h\u00eaz\u00ea li Rojhilata Nav\u00een hejand \u00fb rew\u015fek n\u00fb afirand. W\u00earankirina Xezzey\u00ea \u00fb b\u00eabandorkirina Hamas\u00ea, qelskirina Hizbullaha Lubnan\u00ee, tasfiyekirina rej\u00eema Baas\u00ea li S\u00fbriyey\u00ea, derb\u00ean li H\u00fbsiyan li Yemen\u00ea \u00fb operasyona le\u015fker\u00ee ya \u015fokdar a li dij\u00ee \u00ceran\u00ea di hevsengiya siyas\u00ee de guhertin\u00ean gir\u00eeng \u00e7\u00eakirin. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, Peyman\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem, ku armanc dikir t\u00eakiliy\u00ean bi Ereban re nerm bike, bandora le\u015fker\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea z\u00eade kir. Astengiy\u00ean li p\u00ea\u015fiya r\u00eaya enerjiy\u00ea ji Hindistan\u00ea ber bi Deryaya Sp\u00ee ve hatin rakirin, \u00fb r\u00ea ewle b\u00fb. Li ser bingeha hevpeymaniya \u00cesra\u00eel-Qibris-Yewnanistan\u00ea, komb\u00fbna h\u00eaz\u00ea li Deryaya Sp\u00ee ya Rojhilat, ku ji bo Tirkiyey\u00ea zirardar b\u00fb, \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, ku poz\u00eesyona stratej\u00eek a Tirkiyey\u00ea qels kir \u00fb bandora w\u00ea li her\u00eam\u00ea k\u00eam kir.<\/p>\n

Hem\u00fb van p\u00ea\u015fketinan Peymana Sykes-Picot, ku projeyek Br\u00eetan\u00ee ya “parve bike \u00fb hukum bike” b\u00fb ji bo ji n\u00fb ve \u015fekildana Rojhilata Nav\u00een bo dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee, hilwe\u015fand. Niha, pergala kap\u00eetal\u00eest a c\u00eehan\u00ee hewl dide ku li \u015f\u00fbna Sykes-Picot r\u00eaziknameyek n\u00fb ava bike.<\/p>\n

Di haw\u00eerdorek wisa de, dewleta netewey\u00ee ya \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea, wek\u00ee h\u00eaza bingeh\u00een a pergala hegemon\u00eek, hewl dide ku s\u00eenor\u00ean xwe bi s\u00fbdwergirtina ji v\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea berfireh bike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, di heman dem\u00ea de diyar e ku ew bi dijwar\u00eey\u00ean gir\u00eeng re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ye \u00fb nekariye kr\u00eeza xwe derbas bike.<\/p>\n

Li S\u00fbriyey\u00ea, rej\u00eema Baas\u00ea ji d\u00eerok\u00ea re hat \u015fandin \u00fb Hayat Tahr\u00eer el-\u015eam (HT\u015e) a selef\u00eest a bi koka El-Qa\u00eedey\u00ea li ser desthilatdariy\u00ea hat bicihkirin. Li welat\u00ean din \u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een, rej\u00eem\u00ean bi serokatiya Biray\u00ean Misilman hilwe\u015fiyan; her \u00e7end Projeya Kembera Kesk, ku li ser \u00ceslama siyas\u00ee hatiye avakirin, li hin deveran serkeft\u00ee b\u00fb j\u00ee, hem\u00ee wan z\u00fb ketin nav serdemeke kr\u00eez \u00fb hilwe\u015f\u00eeneke k\u00fbr.<\/p>\n

Her \u00e7iqas dewlet\u00ean din \u00ean Ereb ji bo may\u00eena xwe bi petrol\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee bin j\u00ee, heb\u00fbna wan b\u00eay\u00ee petrol\u00ea pir dijwar dibe.<\/p>\n

Her \u00e7end Komara \u00ceslam\u00ee ya \u00ceran\u00ea hewl dide ku heb\u00fbna xwe bi t\u00eakiliy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean bi R\u00fbsya \u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ea re bipar\u00eaze j\u00ee, pi\u015ftgiriyek t\u00earker nagire \u00fb bi gefek heb\u00fbn\u00ee re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ye. Ji 7\u00ea Cotmeha 2023an vir ve, li hem\u00fb eniy\u00ean dervey\u00ee wel\u00eat \u015fikestin\u00ean mezin d\u00eetiye \u00fb b\u00fbye h\u00eazek ku ne\u00e7ar e li hundir \u015fer bike. Serhildan\u00ean gel bi awayek\u00ee zelal n\u00ee\u015fan dane ku Komara \u00ceslam\u00ee ya \u00ceran\u00ea gelek pi\u015ftgiriya gel winda kiriye, bi kr\u00eezeke rewatiy\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ye \u00fb niha dewletek e ku bi zor\u00ea ji bo may\u00eena xwe t\u00eadiko\u015fe. Bandora hevbe\u015f a \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa kap\u00eetal\u00eest a c\u00eehan\u00ee \u00fb serhildan\u00ean gel pirsan derdixe hol\u00ea ka rej\u00eem \u00e7iqas dikare bij\u00ee.<\/p>\n

D\u00eetina ku tev\u00ee hem\u00fb hewldan\u00ean xwe, ew nekariye PKK\u00ea ji hol\u00ea rake, Tirkiyey\u00ea, bi baweriya ku p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean pi\u015ft\u00ee 7\u00ea Cotmeha 2023an ji bo xwe gefek heb\u00fbn\u00ee \u00e7\u00eadikin, niyeta xwe ya vekirina r\u00fbpelek n\u00fb di pirsgir\u00eaka Kurd de ragihandiye. Bersiva R\u00eaber Abdullah \u00d6calan ji bo v\u00ea yek\u00ea Banga d\u00eerok\u00ee ya 27\u00ea Sibata 2025an a ji bo A\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb Civaka Demokrat\u00eek b\u00fb, ku li \u015f\u00fbna t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7ekdar\u00ee, parastina xwe \u00fb stratejiyeke siyas\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek a li ser bingeha hiq\u00fbqa berfireh \u00fb li \u015f\u00fbna sosyal\u00eezma dewleta netewey\u00ee, sosyal\u00eezma civak\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek da p\u00ea\u015fiy\u00ea. Ev bang, ku \u00e7areseriyek ji bo pirsgir\u00eaka Kurd li ser bingeha entegrasyona demokrat\u00eek bi dewlet\u00ean ku Kurdistan\u00ea di dewletek kolonyal de digirin re dihew\u00eene, heta niha ji dewlet\u00ean t\u00eakildar, di ser\u00ee de Komara Tirkiyey\u00ea, bersivek t\u00ear \u00fb p\u00eaw\u00eest negirtiye. Komara Tirkiyey\u00ea, ku wek\u00ee dewletek netewey\u00ee ya hi\u015fk hatiye damezrandin \u00fb may\u00eena li wir \u015fertek ji bo heb\u00fbna xwe kiriye, ji ber israra xwe ya li ser xeta dewleta netewey\u00ee, d\u00ea nikaribe ji kr\u00eez\u00ean k\u00fbr bireve. Komara Tirkiyey\u00ea an d\u00ea bi naskirina maf\u00ean hem\u00ee cudah\u00eeyan, nemaze gel\u00ea Kurd, demokrat\u00eek bibe, an j\u00ee d\u00ea m\u00eena avahiy\u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee y\u00ean wekhev di kr\u00eez \u00fb kaosek k\u00fbr de bi\u00e7e. Ger demokrat\u00eekb\u00fbn \u00e7\u00eanebe, di t\u00eakiliy\u00ean xwe de bi h\u00eaz\u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ee re, an d\u00ea hegemonya \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea qeb\u00fbl bike \u00fb bi pergala kap\u00eetal\u00eest a c\u00eehan\u00ee re hevaheng bibe, an j\u00ee d\u00ea m\u00eena dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean wekhev, rast\u00ee operasyon\u00ean c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr \u00ean li dij\u00ee w\u00ea were. Ji ber ku \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea S\u00eayem\u00een armanc dike ku r\u00eayeke n\u00fb ya enerjiy\u00ea biafir\u00eene \u00fb Rojhilata Nav\u00een di bin hegemonya \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea de ji n\u00fb ve d\u00eezayn bike, ku her du j\u00ee poz\u00eesyona stratej\u00eek a Tirkiyey\u00ea tehd\u00eet dikin. Ji destp\u00eak\u00ea ve, Tirkiye ji projeya r\u00eaya enerjiy\u00ea hatiye d\u00fbrxistin \u00fb ne\u00e7ar e ku di asta her\u00eam\u00ee de tesl\u00eem\u00ee hegemonya \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea bibe. Pir e\u015fkere ye ku avahiya her\u00eam\u00ee ya n\u00fb d\u00ea guhertin\u00ea li ser Tirkiyeya hey\u00ee ferz bike.<\/p>\n

Wek\u00ee ku t\u00ea d\u00eetin, destwerdan\u00ean dervey\u00ee li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, \u00e7i la\u00eek bin \u00e7i \u00eeslam\u00ee bin, encam nadin; rej\u00eem\u00ean modela dewleta netewey\u00ee, ji la\u00eek bin heta \u00eeslam\u00ee, bi tevah\u00ee t\u00eadiko\u015fin, \u00fb Rojhilata Nav\u00een serdema xwe ya her\u00ee kaot\u00eek a d\u00eerok\u00ea dij\u00ee.<\/p>\n

Ji aliyek\u00ee din ve, gelek rexne \u00fb berxwedan\u00ean navxwey\u00ee \u00fb dervey\u00ee li dij\u00ee du sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee y\u00ean hegemonya kap\u00eetal\u00eest li her\u00eam\u00ea ji h\u00eala gelan \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ean demokrat\u00eek ve hatine p\u00ea\u015fxistin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbn di van berxwedanan de t\u00eala hevpar e. Ji \u00eeslam\u00eest\u00ean rad\u00eekal bigire heta nerm, ji komun\u00eestan bigire heta neteweperestan, ji l\u00eeberalan bigire heta muhafezekaran, h\u00eaz\u00ean c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr di anal\u00eezkirina d\u00eerok \u00fb rew\u015fa hey\u00ee ya her\u00eam\u00ea de bi serkeft\u00ee nekar\u00eene \u00fb pergalan ava bikin. Encam\u00ean w\u00earanker \u00ean \u00e7areseriy\u00ean li ser bingeha dewleta netewey\u00ee ji bo gelan di m\u00eenaka Xezzey\u00ea de bi zelal\u00ee t\u00eane n\u00ee\u015fandan. \u00c7awa ku sosyal\u00eezma dewleta netewey\u00ee di sal\u00ean 1990\u00ee de li Moskow\u00ea bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb, utopyaya \u00eeslam\u00ee ya dewleta netewey\u00ee li Xezzey\u00ea bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean rojhilatnas\u00ee, ku ji \u015faristaniya Ewrop\u00ee hatine wergirtin, \u00fb \u015f\u00eerovey\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ea y\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala her kom \u00fb civak\u00ea ve li gor\u00ee berjewend\u00ee \u00fb \u00eedeolojiy\u00ean wan hatine \u00e7\u00eakirin, nekar\u00eene ne sentezek felsef\u00ee \u00fb ne j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn \u00fb teoriyek siyas\u00ee ya serket\u00ee \u00fb azad peyda bikin.<\/p>\n

L\u00eabel\u00ea, Rojhilata Nav\u00een di \u00e7areserkirina pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean gerd\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb sentezkirina \u015faristaniy\u00ean n\u00fb de ji Ewropay\u00ea xwed\u00ee m\u00eerateyek \u00e7and\u00ee ya dewlemendtir e. Her\u00eam, ku di d\u00eerok\u00ea de rolek navend\u00ee di \u015faristaniy\u00ea de l\u00eestiye, nay\u00ea h\u00eav\u00eekirin ku bi h\u00easan\u00ee tevl\u00ee pergal\u00ea bibe. Qutb\u00fbnek tevah\u00ee ji pergal\u00ea j\u00ee ne mimk\u00fbn e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, \u00e7areser\u00ee div\u00ea bi qas\u00ee ku bi xwezaya civak\u00ee re guncan be, ji bo ku t\u00eakiliya di navbera her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb gerd\u00fbn\u00ee de bi awayek\u00ee rast were saz kirin, guncan be.<\/p>\n

Li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, \u015fore\u015fek der\u00fbn\u00ee ku xwe ji bandora hem \u00eedeolojiy\u00ean navend\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee y\u00ean l\u00eeberal \u00ean rastgir rizgar kiriye \u00fb rojhilatnasiy\u00ea derbas kiriye, pir gir\u00eeng e. Div\u00ea were b\u00eeran\u00een ku b\u00eay\u00ee \u015fore\u015fek der\u00fbn\u00ee ti \u015fore\u015fek civak\u00ee ya may\u00eende \u00e7\u00eanabe.<\/p>\n

7- \u00c7areseriya Modern\u00eeteya Demokrat\u00eek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di demek\u00ea de ku \u00e7areseriy\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest t\u00eak di\u00e7in \u00fb ji bil\u00ee \u015fer, kaos \u00fb w\u00earankirin\u00ea ji bo gelan ti\u015ftek\u00ee din naynin, teoriya modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek, ku li ser ezm\u00fbn\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee ye \u00fb xwed\u00ee potansiyel \u00fb nirxek bilind ji bo azadiy\u00ea ye, \u00e7areseriyek n\u00fb, may\u00eende \u00fb bingeh\u00een p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike.<\/p>\n

Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek li dij\u00ee dewleta netewey\u00ee modelek neteweya demokrat\u00eek p\u00ea\u015f dixe. Karakter\u00ea yekpare y\u00ea dewleta netewey\u00ee bi rastiy\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee y\u00ean piral\u00ee y\u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een re nakok e, ku zem\u00een\u00ea ji bo p\u00ea\u015fkeftina neteweya demokrat\u00eek peyda dike. Bi redkirina zihniyeta neteweperest, ol\u00ee, poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest \u00fb zayendperest a dewleta netewey\u00ee, zihniyeta neteweya demokrat\u00eek modelek hol\u00eest\u00eek e ku dih\u00eale civak bi hem\u00ee c\u00fbdahiy\u00ean xwe re bij\u00ee. Ew hem\u00ee \u00eedeolojiy\u00ean yekgirt\u00ee \u00fb homojenker red dike. Di erdn\u00eegariyek pir\u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb pir-nasnamey\u00ee de wek\u00ee Rojhilata Nav\u00een, vebijarkek \u00e7areseriyek din tune ye, \u00fb nikare hebe.<\/p>\n

Di \u00e7areseriya modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de, eko-aboriyek li ser bingeha komunal\u00eezm\u00ea wek\u00ee alternat\u00eefek ji bo p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Ev \u015f\u00eaweya aboriy\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de bi kevne\u015fopiya aboriya komunal a civaka Rojhilata Nav\u00een re j\u00ee lihevhat\u00ee ye. Kom\u00fbn\u00ean ku werin p\u00ea\u015fxistin, hem \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean bin erd\u00ea \u00fb hem j\u00ee y\u00ean ser erd\u00ea d\u00ea bikin milk\u00ea civak\u00ea \u00fb hem j\u00ee d\u00ea li ser bingeha parvekirina komunal hilber\u00een\u00ea p\u00eak b\u00eenin. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, zirara ku ji ber p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea di civak \u00fb qada ekoloj\u00eek de \u00e7\u00eadibe d\u00ea were sererast kirin.<\/p>\n

\u00c7areseriya modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek li ser bingeha komunal\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek e. Ji bo kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea, takekes\u00ee, ne civak, “esas\u00ee” ye. L\u00eeberal\u00eezm, \u00eedeolojiya kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea, li ser \u00eenkarkirina civak\u00ea ye. Encam hilwe\u015fandina civak\u00ea \u00fb avakirina civatek bi takekesan ve s\u00eenordar e. L\u00eabel\u00ea, forma d\u00eerok\u00ee ya civak\u00ea kom\u00fbn e. Kom\u00fbn karakter\u00ea avah\u00eesaziy\u00ea, away\u00ea heb\u00fbn\u00ea \u00fb \u015faneya bingeh\u00een a civak\u00ea ye. Kom\u00fbn bi xwezay\u00ee azad\u00ee \u00fb wekheviy\u00ea dihew\u00eene, \u00fb xwedan karakterek demokrat\u00eek e. Dema ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm demokrasiy\u00ea xera dike \u00fb w\u00ea vediguher\u00eene am\u00fbrek dij-civak\u00ee, kom\u00fbn bi demokrasiy\u00ea sax dim\u00eene. Civakek demokrat\u00eek ji n\u00fb ve avakirina prens\u00eeb\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb taybetmendiy\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean matriarkal e ku ji klan heya roja \u00eero heb\u00fbne. Komun\u00eet\u00ee nav\u00ea pergalek civak\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek e ku c\u00fbdahiyan dihew\u00eene, dabe\u015fb\u00fbn\u00ean li ser bingeha bawer\u00ee an etn\u00ees\u00eetey\u00ea terc\u00eeh nake, \u00fb li ser xwer\u00eaveber\u00ee \u00fb parastina xwe ava dibe. Her \u00e7iqas kap\u00eetal\u00eezm li dij\u00ee rastiya d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb sosyoloj\u00eek a Rojhilata Nav\u00een be j\u00ee, komunal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek, wek\u00ee \u00eefadeya her\u00ee rast\u00een \u00fb zelal a d\u00eeroka Rojhilata Nav\u00een \u00fb perspekt\u00eefa \u00e7areseriya l\u00eebertaryan, \u00e7areserker\u00ea pirsgir\u00eakan e.<\/p>\n

Li dij\u00ee hilwe\u015f\u00een \u00fb kr\u00eeza ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezma gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ya hemdem li \u00e7araliy\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea \u00fb, k\u00fbrtir, li Rojhilata Nav\u00een dij\u00ee, \u00e7areseriyek li ser bingeha modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek alternat\u00eefek rast \u00fb ne\u00e7ar e, \u00fb her weha tems\u00eela derbaskirina sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een dike. St\u00fbn\u00ean modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek r\u00eabaz\u00ean prat\u00eek\u00ee y\u00ean \u00e7areserkirina hem derbaskirina sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een \u00fb hem j\u00ee kr\u00eez\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve hatine afirandin peyda dikin. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek ne ten\u00ea teoriyek \u00fb bernameyek e, l\u00ea b\u00fbye p\u00eadiviyek prat\u00eek\u00ee ku bi qas\u00ee nan\u00ea rojane \u00fb av\u00ea gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

Tam dem niha ye ku prens\u00eeb\u00ean Modern\u00eeteya Demokrat\u00eek werin bic\u00eeh kirin. Ew ten\u00ea vebijarka ku bi nav\u00ea \u00e7areserkirina nakokiya d\u00eerok\u00ee ya Filist\u00een-\u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea were sepandin e. Diyar e ku li \u015f\u00fbna \u00e7areseriy\u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee li Filist\u00een, Qibris, L\u00eebya \u00fb tevahiya her\u00eam\u00ea, model\u00ean \u00e7areseriy\u00ea y\u00ean li ser bingeha st\u00fbn\u00ean modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek, her \u00e7end bi away\u00ean c\u00fbda bin j\u00ee, d\u00ea bikevin dewr\u00ea. Ge\u015fedan di v\u00ea al\u00ee de di\u00e7in. Tev\u00ee hewldan\u00ean ji bo jihol\u00earakirina w\u00ea bi r\u00eaya komploya navnetewey\u00ee j\u00ee, \u015eore\u015fa Rojava wek\u00ee \u00e7areseriyek netewe-dewleta demokrat\u00eek wek\u00ee vebijarkek \u00e7areseriy\u00ea ya \u00eedeal derketiye hol\u00ea.<\/p>\n

\u00c7areser\u00ee di p\u00ea\u015fxistina bernameyeke siyas\u00ee \u00fb siyaseta w\u00ea ya a\u015ftiy\u00ea de ye ku li ser bingeha civakeke demokrat\u00eek e, ku li ser bingeha perspekt\u00eefa modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek li dij\u00ee modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, di nav haw\u00eerdora kaot\u00eek a Rojhilata Nav\u00een de hatiye avakirin. Xuyab\u00fbna berbi\u00e7av a \u00e7areseriya modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek li Rojhilata Nav\u00een dikare wek\u00ee “Yek\u00eetiya Demokrat\u00eek a Netewey\u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een” an “Konfederal\u00eezma Demokrat\u00eek a Rojhilata Nav\u00een” were formulekirin. Rastiya v\u00ea projey\u00ea ji h\u00eala pa\u015fxaneya w\u00ea ya d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb bingeha w\u00ea ya \u00e7and\u00ee ve t\u00ea destn\u00ee\u015fankirin. Dema ku li r\u00ea\u00e7a herik\u00eena sereke di forma kom\u00een \u00fb dewletan de t\u00ea nih\u00eartin, e\u015fkere dibe ku d\u00eerokeke wisa \u00fb bingeheke \u00e7and\u00ee ya hevpar hatiye avakirin. D\u00eeroka Rojhilata Nav\u00een, bi n\u00eaz\u00eekb\u00fbna xwe \u00fb avahiya xwe ya hema hema federasyon\u00ea, j\u00ee r\u00ea dide modelek wisa.<\/p>\n

\u00c7areseriya modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek, ku li ser bingeha hem\u00ee komb\u00fbn\u00ean \u00e7and\u00ee y\u00ean tepeserkir\u00ee y\u00ean serdema ku ber bi modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest a \u00eero ve di\u00e7e, div\u00ea bi neteweperestiyeke ne-neteweperest, olperestiyeke ne-olperest, civak\u00eeb\u00fbneke ne-cinsiyetperest \u00fb zihniyeteke zanist\u00ee ya ne-poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest were \u015f\u00eerovekirin \u00fb avakirin.<\/p>\n

Avakirina neteweyek mezin a neteweyan, ku hem xwed\u00ee b\u00eahempab\u00fbn \u00fb hem j\u00ee gerd\u00fbn\u00ee be, bi rizgarkirina civak\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean Ereb, Tirk, Kurd \u00fb Faris \u00ean her\u00eam\u00ea ji nexwe\u015fiya neteweperestiy\u00ea \u00fb rizgarkirina wan ji dafika dewleta netewey\u00ee, karek\u00ee d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee y\u00ea bingeh\u00een e. Karek\u00ee din \u00ea gir\u00eeng ew e ku \u00ceslam \u00fb umeta w\u00ea bi r\u00eaya reformek rast\u00een di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de were n\u00fbkirin, ji \u00eestismara \u00ceslamek sultan a xw\u00eenxwar, berfirehker \u00fb otor\u00eeter were azadkirin \u00fb li dervey\u00ee dewleta netewey\u00ee veguher\u00eene ummetek demokrat\u00eek, wekhev \u00fb azad. Ji bo Ermen\u00ee, As\u00fbr\u00ee \u00fb gel\u00ean din \u00ean bi esl\u00ea xwe Qefqas\u00ee, r\u00eaya p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea di xebat \u00fb be\u015fdariya wan a li ser bingeha demokrat\u00eekb\u00fbn\u00ea de ye. Tevgera Azadiya Kurd d\u00ea di serdema n\u00fb de li ser bingeha sosyal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek veguher\u00eena p\u00eaw\u00eest derbas bike, civatek Kurd\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek li ser bingeha modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek ava bike \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fengiya ji n\u00fb ve avakirina Rojhilata Nav\u00een bike.<\/p>\n

Projeya \u00e7areseriya modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek projeyek civaka demokrat\u00eek e ku perspekt\u00eef, \u00eeradeya azad, r\u00eaber\u00ee \u00fb afir\u00eeneriya jinan hewce dike. Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek serdema \u015fore\u015fa jinan e \u00fb ji h\u00eala jinan ve t\u00ea r\u00eavebirin. Yekem derba li ser civak\u00eeb\u00fbna mirovan, \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea li ser azadiy\u00ea, \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa m\u00earan li ser jinan – dayikan b\u00fb. Nakokiya serdest-kole di navbera m\u00ear \u00fb jinan de nakok\u00ee \u00fb t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena her\u00ee kevin \u00fb yekem di d\u00eeroka civak\u00ee de ye. Sal\u00ean dir\u00eaj \u00ean ku ji serdema Xwedawend\u00ea derbas b\u00fbne, sal\u00ean ku t\u00ea de koletiya jinan k\u00fbrtir b\u00fbye, \u00fb di hin rew\u015fan de ve\u015fart\u00ee \u00fb hilwe\u015f\u00eener b\u00fbye, li \u015f\u00fbna ku bikaribin ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ji wan hatiye girtin veger\u00eenin.<\/p>\n

D\u00eeroka par\u00e7eb\u00fbna civak\u00ea \u00fb rastiya komunal e ku civak\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene. Yekkirina v\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea bi giyan\u00ea komunal re ten\u00ea bi rakirina dabe\u015fb\u00fbn \u00fb dabe\u015fb\u00fbna k\u00fbr a di navbera m\u00ear \u00fb jinan de mimkun e. Ev ten\u00ea bi qelskirin \u00fb di dawiy\u00ea de ji hol\u00ea rakirina \u00e7anda serdest a m\u00earan ku ji kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea y\u00ea yekem heya roja \u00eero hatiye hilgirtin, \u00fb bi bilindkirina \u00e7andeke komunal li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ea dikare were bidestxistin. Ji bo v\u00ea yek\u00ea, p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku meriv t\u00eara xwe hi\u015fyar, bih\u00eaz \u00fb xwed\u00ee \u00eed\u00eea be ku vegere serdem\u00ean ku azad\u00ee winda neb\u00fbye. Ji bo ku jin azad bin, div\u00ea m\u00ear prens\u00eeb\u00ean jiyana bi jinan re li ser bingeha prens\u00eeb\u00ean sosyal\u00eest \u00ean demokrat\u00eek ji n\u00fb ve saz bikin. Jin div\u00ea avakirina komun\u00ea bi her away\u00ee bi k\u00fbrah\u00ee fam bikin da ku nirx\u00ean ji Xwedawenda \u00cenanna hatine girtin bi dest bixin. Ji bo ku zilamek jiyanek azad \u00fb watedar bij\u00ee, div\u00ea ew prens\u00eeb\u00ean jiyan\u00ea bi jin\u00ea re fam bike, kesayetiya xwe ji jor heta j\u00ear civak\u00ee bike \u00fb ji bo v\u00ea yek\u00ea, perspekt\u00eefa xwe ya li ser xwezay\u00ea, zindiyan, ked\u00ea, ax\u00ea, c\u00eehan\u00ea \u00fb wel\u00eat azad bike. Ev t\u00ea wateya avakirinek n\u00fb, \u00fb p\u00eakan\u00eena w\u00ea bi r\u00eaya komun\u00eezm\u00ea mimkun e. Li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, ku damara sereke ya d\u00eeroka gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ye, serdest\u00ee \u00fb kolet\u00ee, \u00e7avkaniya hem\u00ee pirsgir\u00eakan, rastiy\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala dest\u00ean mirovan ve hatine \u00e7\u00eakirin in. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ji h\u00eala dest\u00ean mirovan ve t\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakirin dikare ji h\u00eala dest\u00ean mirovan ve were guhertin, were hilwe\u015fandin \u00fb bi ti\u015ftek n\u00fb were guheztin. Avakirina p\u00ea\u015feroj\u00ea, xeyalkirin \u00fb zan\u00eena ti\u015ft\u00ea ku d\u00ea li \u015f\u00fbna ti\u015ft\u00ea ku diguhere be, \u015fertek p\u00ea\u015f\u00een e ku meriv di civak\u00ea de takekesek azad be.<\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 1 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 2 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 3 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 4 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Navenda L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean Stratej\u00eek A Kurdistan\u00ea<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PIRSGR\u00caKA ROJHILATA NAV\u00ceN \u00db \u00c7ARESERIYA MODERN\u00ceTEYA DEMOKRAT\u00ceK 1- D\u00eeroka Gerd\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb Rojhilata Nav\u00een Anal\u00eezkirina d\u00eerok\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee k\u00eamker, balki\u015fandina ser h\u00eaman\u00ean takekes\u00ee y\u00ean wek\u00ee takekes\u00ee, b\u00fbyer, xanedan\u00ee, netewe, dewlet, \u00e7\u00eenat\u00ee \u00fb abor\u00ee, dibe sedema par\u00e7ekirin \u00fb ku\u015ftina rastiy\u00ea. Ev vegotin\u00ean m\u00eet\u00eek ku di bin hegemonyaya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a yekdestdariy\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest de hatine p\u00ea\u015fxistin, wek\u00ee propaganday\u00ea roleke […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16510,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","jnews_video_option_group":[[]],"override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"archive-right","second_sidebar":"archive-right","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"float","share_float_style":"share-normal","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","show_zoom_button":"1","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","show_comment_section":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_post_related":"1"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":"Ji bo kes\u00ean ku utopyayek mezin a jiyana azad xeyal dikin, wek\u00ee ku di Rojhilata Nav\u00een de pir caran t\u00ea d\u00eetin, div\u00ea wek\u00ee \u015fervan\u00ea heq\u00eeqat\u00ea jiyan bike. Div\u00ea takekes\u00ea kom\u00fbnal\u00eest \u00ea demokrat\u00eek bi yek\u00eet\u00eeya fikir, zikir, \u00e7alakiya modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek li hember s\u00ea siwar\u00ean mah\u015fer\u00ea y\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest bibe bersiv."},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,13],"tags":[4643,637,33,4642,3593,3937,203],"class_list":["post-16509","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozgurluk-perspektifleri","category-dizi-yazi","tag-besa-5","tag-dirok","tag-kurdistan","tag-manifestoya-kominal","tag-reber-apo","tag-rojhilata-navin","tag-tirkiye"],"acf":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16509","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16509"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16509\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16512,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16509\/revisions\/16512"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16510"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16509"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16509"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16509"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}