{"id":16478,"date":"2026-07-05T11:52:40","date_gmt":"2026-07-05T09:52:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/?p=16478"},"modified":"2026-07-05T11:52:40","modified_gmt":"2026-07-05T09:52:40","slug":"manifestoya-civaka-komunal-a-demokratik-besa-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/manifestoya-civaka-komunal-a-demokratik-besa-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Man\u00eefestoya Civaka Komunal a Demokrat\u00eek – BE\u015eA 4"},"content":{"rendered":"

MODERN\u00ceTE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean navenda wan Ewropa ne bi du r\u00eabaz\u00ean bingeh\u00een riya alternat\u00eef \u00ean rastiy\u00ea adeta b\u00ea \u00eemkan dikin. Ya yekem, rast\u00ee her gav t\u00ea k\u00eamkirin ango (N\u00eaz\u00eekatiya gerdunwar \u00ea mon\u00eest). Ya duyem\u00een, heq\u00eeqat\u00ea her tim dadixin \u2018yek\u2019\u00ee. Ya duyem\u00een, r\u00eabaza d\u00eetbar a b\u00eas\u00eenor e. Dib\u00eajin li gor her kes\u00ee heq\u00eeqeteke w\u00ee\/\u00ea heye, di esas de dixwazin bib\u00eajin heq\u00eeqat n\u00eene. Diyar e ku her du r\u00eabaz j\u00ee bi daxistinker-k\u00eamkeriy\u00ea re digih\u00eaj\u00eenin hev.<\/p>\n

Ji her kes\u00ee re t\u00ea gotin ku li gor\u00ee perspekt\u00eefa wan rastiyek heye, l\u00ea nay\u00ea gotin ku di esl\u00ea xwe de rastiyek tune. Her du r\u00eabaz j\u00ee k\u00eamker\u00eezma xwe ya xwer\u00fb vedi\u015f\u00earin. Ger gerd\u00fbn\u00eeker ‘yek kes\u00ee\u2019 be an j\u00ee d\u00eetbar\u00ee ‘takekes\u00ee’ be, rastiy\u00ea dadix\u00eene ‘yek’ \u00ea \u00fb bi v\u00ea away\u00ee bi zelal\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean hegemon\u00eek \u00ean r\u00eabaz\u00ean l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea y\u00ean zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean navenda wan Ewropa ye n\u00ee\u015fan dide.<\/p>\n

Li pi\u015ft van r\u00eabazan yekdestdariya \u015faristan\u00ee heye ku ji h\u00eala navika destp\u00eak\u00ea ya serdestiy\u00ea ve hat\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakirin ku bi kom\u00fbna navend\u00ee ya jinan ji h\u00eala kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea ve t\u00ea t\u00eakbirin dest p\u00ea dike. Ev z\u00eehniyet ku li dora Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (Gobekl\u00eetepe) hat\u00ee \u015fekildan, vedigere serdema ku kah\u00eeney\u00ean Sumer\u00ee ‘En’ wek\u00ee xweday\u00ea xwe y\u00ea her\u00ee bilind avakirin. Bi r\u00fbmetkirina xweday\u00ea Sumer\u00ee ‘En’, hiyerar\u015fiya bilindb\u00fby\u00ee \u00fb yekdestdariya dewleta \u00e7\u00eena bajar\u00ee t\u00eane rewakirin \u00fb di z\u00eehniyeta civak\u00ee de serdest dibin. Di felsefeya Yewnan\u00ee de, sedema yekem, \u00eecada her\u00ee mezin, her gav yek e: Xwed\u00ea. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina Platon \u00fb Ar\u00eestoteles a Xwed\u00ea li ser v\u00ea xet\u00ea ye. Di ol\u00ean yekxweday\u00ee de, forma ku ‘En’ digire ‘Ellah’ e, xweday\u00ea gerd\u00fbn\u00ea. Di bilindb\u00fbna Romay\u00ea de, ew wek\u00ee ‘Jupiter’ xuya dike. Rej\u00eem\u00ean Xwed\u00ea-Kral \u00fb emperyal hewl didin ku xwe bi t\u00eageh\u00ean ol\u00ee an m\u00eetoloj\u00eek rewa bikin \u00fb hegemonyaya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek li ser her civaka ku ew l\u00ea hatine avakirin ava bikin. Ji ber ku b\u00eay\u00ee v\u00ea celeb hegemonyaya der\u00fbn\u00ee, ji bo van rej\u00eeman zahmet e ku bidom\u00eenin.<\/p>\n

Dema ku t\u00eageha modern\u00eetey\u00ea ku t\u00ea wateya “serdem\u00ea”, t\u00ea \u015f\u00eerovekirin, pir p\u00eaw\u00eest \u00fb h\u00eenker e ku meriv v\u00ea r\u00eabaz\u00ea \u00fb avakirina rastiy\u00ea bifikire. Ev peyv ji peyva “moday\u00ea” t\u00ea. \u00c7awa ku ji bandora diyardeya ku mijara moday\u00ea ye xilasb\u00fbn zahmet e, her weha zehmet e ku meriv hi\u015f\u00ea xwe ji modern\u00eeteya serdest azad bike. Bandora w\u00ea ewqas xurt e ku li gor\u00ee w\u00ea, hesta heb\u00fbn\u00ea di nav pergal\u00ea de wek\u00ee temam t\u00ea hesibandin. Ev bi hegemonyaya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a ku ji h\u00eala modern\u00eetey\u00ea ve hat\u00ee afirandin ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Gelek m\u00eenak\u00ean modern\u00eetey\u00ea hene, ji modern\u00eeteya Sumer\u00ee bigire heya modern\u00eeteya Romay\u00ee \u00fb hetta ber\u00ee \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea. Em ji tomar\u00ean arkeoloj\u00eek f\u00ear dibin ku modern\u00eeteya Mezopotamyaya Jor\u00een dibe ku di war\u00ea dem \u00fb \u00e7ar\u00e7ov\u00ea de m\u00eenak\u00ean her\u00ee berbi\u00e7av p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f bike. Rexneya Nietzsche ya modern\u00eetey\u00ea gir\u00eeng e. L\u00eabel\u00ea, rexney\u00ean modern\u00eetey\u00ea ji h\u00eala ol\u00ee ve ten\u00ea di war\u00ea modern\u00eeteya xwe de wate hene. Fikra Michel Foucault ku modern\u00eet\u00ee bi mirina mirovahiy\u00ea digih\u00eeje l\u00fbtkey\u00ea gir\u00eeng e l\u00ea t\u00ear\u00ea nake. Sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een, tev\u00ee \u00eedeal\u00ean xwe y\u00ean c\u00fbda, qet xwe wek\u00ee celebek c\u00fbda ya modern\u00eetey\u00ea, ne bi teor\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb ne j\u00ee bi prat\u00eek\u00ee, ned\u00eetiye.<\/p>\n

Armanca me ew e ku em r\u00eabazek alternat\u00eef ji bo t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina yekane \u00fb gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ya modern\u00eetey\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f bikin \u00fb \u00eemkan\u00ean c\u00fbda, \u00fb bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, ramana azad \u00e7alak bikin. Alternat\u00eefek ji bo modern\u00eeteya serdest her gav heye; tev\u00ee hem\u00ee hewldan\u00ean tepeserkirin \u00fb ve\u015fartin\u00ea, ew berdewam kiriye, heb\u00fbna xwe di hem\u00ee \u00e7ar\u00e7ove \u00fb form\u00ean xwe de wek\u00ee dawiya dijber\u00ee ya dikotomiya diyalekt\u00eek parastiye. Dema ku hem xwezaya d\u00eerok\u00ee-civak\u00ee ya civak\u00ea \u00fb hem j\u00ee tevger\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean gir\u00eeng \u00ean civakan wek\u00ee klan, e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb civak\u00ean ol\u00ee t\u00eane hesibandin, ji bil\u00ee ku wan wek\u00ee “barbar” an “reaksiyoner \u00ean ol\u00ee” bi nav bikin, rasttir e ku meriv van civakan wek\u00ee “\u015earistaniya Demokrat\u00eek” bi nav bike.<\/p>\n

P\u00ea\u015fketina \u015faristaniy\u00ea bi d\u00eeroka mirovahiy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. \u015earistan\u00ee t\u00ea wateya mirovkirin \u00fb civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea. \u015earistaniya dewletiy\u00ea\u00a0 j\u00ee devijiyek e (sapma) . Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, di anal\u00eeza me ya \u015faristaniy\u00ea de, em di navbera \u015faristaniya demokrat\u00eek \u00fb \u015faristaniya dewlet\u00ee de c\u00fbda dikin.<\/p>\n

1- Modern\u00eet\u00ee bilindb\u00fbna hem\u00fb nirx\u00ean mirov\u00ee li Ewropay\u00ea ye<\/strong><\/p>\n

Modern\u00eete ew be\u015fa d\u00eerok\u00ea ye ku ji sedsala 16\u2019an p\u00ea ve li Rojavay\u00ee Ewropa mezin b\u00fbye; ew \u015faristaniya ku ji sedsala 16\u2019an heta roja \u00eero bi navenda Ewropaya Rojava p\u00ea\u015fketiye. Ev \u015faristan\u00ee s\u00ea h\u00eaman\u00ean bingeh\u00een hene: Ronesans, Reformasyon \u00fb Ronakb\u00eer\u00ee. Hegemonya li Rojhilata Nav\u00een di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya van t\u00eagehan de ji h\u00eala Ewropaya Rojava ve hate girtin. Bi bidaw\u00eekirina serdema \u00ceslam\u00ee, Ewropaya Rojava ji aliyek\u00ee ve \u00ceslam li Endulus\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee ji hol\u00ea rakir \u00fb ji aliy\u00ea din ve, bi Peymana Karlof\u00e7a li dij\u00ee Osmaniyan, di destp\u00eaka sedsala 18\u2019an de Osmaniyan ji deriy\u00ean Viyanay\u00ea ber bi Balkanan \u00fb Anatoliy\u00ea ve veki\u015fand. Encam xurtkirina modern\u00eeteya Ewrosentr\u00eek e. Serdem niha Ewropaya Rojava an j\u00ee bi ten\u00ea serdema Ewrop\u00ee ye. Modern\u00eet\u00ee bi Ronesans\u00ea ku t\u00ea wateya ji n\u00fb ve zay\u00een\u00ea, Reformasyona di ol\u00ea de \u00fb Ronakb\u00eer\u00ee ku j\u00ea re \u015fore\u015fa zanist\u00ee \u00fb felsef\u00ee t\u00ea gotin, \u015fikil digire.<\/p>\n

Modern\u00eete ya Ewrop\u00ee bajarvan\u00ee, p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00eekirin (endustral\u00eezm), teknoloj\u00ee, zanist \u00fb ronakb\u00eer\u00ee dihew\u00eene, l\u00ea qet kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea nagire nav xwe. Wekhevkirina modern\u00eetey\u00ea bi kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb burjuvaziy\u00ea re dibe sedema tevliheviyeke semant\u00eek a cid\u00ee. Hem\u00fb t\u00eageh\u00ean din ji aliy\u00ea van t\u00eageh\u00ean navend\u00ee ve t\u00eane xirabkirin \u00fb tevlihevkirin, qada zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee vediguher\u00eenin tevliheviyeke mezin. Ji bo ji hol\u00earakirina v\u00ea tevliheviy\u00ea, p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku ev t\u00eageh ji n\u00fb ve werin p\u00eanasekirin.<\/p>\n

Modern\u00eete kap\u00eetal\u00eezm n\u00eene \u00fb nikare bi burjuvaziy\u00ea re were wekhevkirin. Modern\u00eet\u00ee be\u015fa Ewrop\u00ee ya hem\u00fb zan\u00eena berhevkir\u00ee ya d\u00eeroka mirovahiy\u00ea ye. Div\u00ea were zan\u00een ku modern\u00eeteya li Ewropaya Rojava hem\u00fb d\u00eeroka mirovahiy\u00ea ji n\u00fb ve niv\u00eesand, felsefeyek bi tekez\u00eeyeke zanist\u00ee ya xurt avakir. Heta hem\u00fb felsefeyan kurt kir, teknoloj\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve as\u00eem\u00eele kir, mezinb\u00fbneke mezin bi dest xist \u00fb zanist vegerand bingeheke parad\u00eegmat\u00eek ku di encam\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015fketineke mezin \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb.<\/p>\n

T\u00eakiliya di navbera kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb piyasay\u00ea de hatiye xirabkirin \u00fb daxistine asta hev. Ber\u00ee her ti\u015ft\u00ee, div\u00ea were gotin ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ne bazar e-piyasa ye; ti\u015ftek wek\u00ee bazarek sosyal\u00eest heye. Hem\u00fb h\u00eaman\u00ean ku burjuvaziy\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eenin avahiyeke m\u00eena kast\u00ea tems\u00eel nakin; ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ne burjuvaziye. Ew kom\u00ean ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin burjuvaziya bi\u00e7\u00fbk – esnaf, dikandar, xwediy\u00ean erd\u00ean pi\u00e7\u00fbk \u00fb burokras\u00ee – nikarin wek\u00ee h\u00eaman\u00ean kast-m\u00eena kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea werin p\u00eanasekirin. Ya gir\u00eeng li vir ev e ku h\u00eaman\u00ean k\u00fbjer\u00ean kast \u00e7awa dibin bingeha \u00e7\u00een\u00ee. Di xwer\u00eaxistinkirin \u00fb saz\u00fbmankirina h\u00eamana kast de xapandinek mezin heye. Ev koma ol\u00eegar\u015fiya pi\u00e7\u00fbk %1\u00ea nif\u00fbsa c\u00eehan\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene l\u00ea %99\u00ea dahat\u00ea werdigire. Ev rew\u015f gelek ti\u015ftan dib\u00eaje, l\u00ea sosyoloj\u00ee w\u00ea p\u00eanase nake. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku em li vir dikin ev e ku diyardeya \u00e7\u00een\u00ea bi p\u00eanasekirina avahiya kast\u00eek rast anal\u00eez dike.<\/p>\n

Platon her wiha nas kir ku h\u00eamana kast\u00eek xwe di bin nav\u00ea ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea de n\u00ee\u015fan dide, an j\u00ee \u015fop\u00ean kast\u00eek di nav ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea de hene. Pirsa ku were pirs\u00een ev e, “H\u00eamana kast\u00eek \u00e7awa vediguhere ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea?” Platon di pirt\u00fbka xwe ya ‘Dewlet’ de bersiva v\u00ea pirs\u00ea dide. Ew e\u015fkere dike ku kast vediguhere ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea \u00fb ku li \u015f\u00fbna desthilatdariya kast\u00eek r\u00eaveberiyek dewlet\u00ea t\u00ea avakirin. Ev cudah\u00ee gir\u00eeng in. Sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een bi berfireh\u00ee t\u00eageh\u00ean \u00e7\u00een \u00fb proletaryay\u00ea bikar an\u00ee, l\u00ea ev t\u00eageh di \u015firovekirina rastiy\u00ea de qels derketin. Dibistana Frankfurt\u00ea \u00e7end rexney\u00ean mafdar \u00ean \u00e7\u00eenpar\u00eaziy\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fxist. Komek t\u00eageh\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean ku di v\u00ea man\u00eefestoy\u00ea de hatine p\u00ea\u015fxistin d\u00ea hem di prat\u00eek\u00ea de werin n\u00ee\u015fandan \u00fb hem j\u00ee nezelaliya d\u00eerok\u00ee ji hol\u00ea rakin. Ew hewl dide ku bersiv\u00ean pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean ku Gramsci \u00fb Negri nekar\u00een \u00e7areser bikin \u00fb f\u00eelozof\u00ean hemdem \u00ean wek\u00ee Zizek \u00fb Badiou dixwazin \u00e7areser bikin bide.<\/p>\n

Burjuvaz\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean rast\u00een par\u00e7e dike \u00fb tahr\u00eef dike \u00fb newekheviy\u00ean civak\u00ee vedi\u015f\u00eare. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina burjuvaziy\u00ea ya netewey\u00ea li ser am\u00fbrek \u00eedeoloj\u00eek e ku t\u00eakiliy\u00ean \u00eestismarker vedi\u015f\u00eare. Ew hewl dide ku civak\u00ea bi gotin\u00ean “berjewendiy\u00ean hevpar” bixap\u00eene. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, netewe bi burjuvaziy\u00ea re wekhev nabe; berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, burjuvaz\u00ee netewey\u00ea tahr\u00eef dike. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm v\u00ea yek\u00ea digih\u00eene fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Netewe, civaka serdema n\u00fbjen e. P\u00eakhatina civak\u00ee ya modern\u00eetey\u00ea civaka netewey\u00ea ye. \u015e\u00eaweya serdema nav\u00een a netewey\u00ea (M\u00eellet) netewe ye. P\u00ea\u015fketina neteweperweriy\u00ea li Rojhilata Nav\u00een bi \u015fore\u015fa \u00ceslam\u00ee \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Veguhestina ji civaka qeb\u00eeley\u00ea ber bi ummet\u00ea, an j\u00ee bi gotineke din, ber bi netewiy\u00ea re, bi r\u00eaya \u00ceslam\u00ea ye. Di ziman\u00ea Ereb\u00ee de, “millet” t\u00ea wateya “ol”, \u00fb bi awayek\u00ee, mebesta w\u00ea \u00ceslam e. Ji derketina hol\u00ea ya Muhammed di Serdema Nav\u00een de heta sedsala 16\u2019an, di serdema hegemon\u00eek a n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee hezar sal\u00ee de, ummet li be\u015fek mezin a c\u00eehan\u00ea serdest b\u00fb. V\u00ea \u015f\u00eaweya civak\u00ee \u015fopa xwe li ser Ereb, Tirk, Kurd, Faris, \u00c7\u00een\u00ee \u00fb heta li ser Ewropay\u00ea j\u00ee hi\u015ft. Bi kurtas\u00ee, serdema neteweyan dest p\u00ea kir.<\/p>\n

Veguhestina ji miliyet\u00ea bo netewetiy\u00ea berhema \u015faristaniya Ewrop\u00ee ye. \u015earistaniya Ewrop\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweyek\u00ee civak\u00ea ye ku ji sedsala 16\u2019an \u00fb p\u00ea ve karekterek\u00ee hegemon\u00eek bi dest xistiye. Abor\u00ee, zanist, hest, w\u00eaje \u00fb felsefeya v\u00ea \u015f\u00eaweya civak\u00ee ya n\u00fb ku ji miliyet\u00ea veguher\u00ee netewetiy\u00ea, bi giran\u00ee li Ewropay\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f ket. M\u00eenak, Hegel p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek mezin peyda kir. Em refleks\u00ean w\u00ea di w\u00eajey\u00ea de her\u00ee ba\u015f di w\u00eajeya R\u00fbs\u00ee de dib\u00eenin. Neteweyan dest bi niv\u00eesandina w\u00eajeya xwe kirin. M\u00eena netewey\u00ea, bazar ne wekhev\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ye \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, m\u00eena w\u00eajey\u00ea, ew ne berhema burjuvaziy\u00ea ye. Em dikarin aboriya bazar\u00ea heta destp\u00eaka civaka xwezay\u00ee bi\u015fop\u00eenin. Netewe di nav van p\u00ea\u015fketinan de ji dayik b\u00fb. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, e\u015fkere b\u00fbye ku wekhevkirina v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi burjuvaziy\u00ea \u00fb kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea re xeletiyek mezin e. Bi v\u00ea t\u00eag\u00eenkirin\u00ea, em ber bi modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve di\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

Em dikarin jidayikb\u00fbna modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ku em ji modern\u00eeteya Ewrop\u00ee cuda dikin, heta jidayikb\u00fbna \u015faristaniy\u00ea bi\u015fop\u00eenin. Her\u00eama ku \u015faristaniy\u00ea ji dayik kiriye, quntar\u00ean \u00e7iyay\u00ean Toros-Zagros e, l\u00ea erdn\u00eegariya ku w\u00ea l\u00ea nixumandiye Mezopotamyaya J\u00ear\u00een e. Yekem n\u00fbner\u00ean sereke y\u00ean \u015faristaniya dewletiy\u00ea Sumer\u00ee b\u00fbn. \u015earistaniy\u00ea teq\u00eena xwe ya sereke li Mezopotamyaya J\u00ear\u00een jiya. Ya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng, avakirina dewlet\u00ea li Mezopotamyaya J\u00ear\u00een p\u00eak hat, l\u00ea hem\u00ee h\u00eaman\u00ean ku w\u00ea p\u00eak an\u00een li quntar\u00ean \u00e7iyay\u00ean Toros-Zagros hatin amadekirin.<\/p>\n

Serdema destp\u00eak\u00ea bandorek gir\u00eeng a Sumer\u00ee hildigire. E\u015fkere ye ku Sumer\u00ee bandora \u00e7anda Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea j\u00ee hildigirin. Ev \u00e7and di heman dem\u00ea de destp\u00eaka \u015faristaniya dewlet\u00ea ye. Gelo niv\u00eesandin, \u00e7erx, avdan, bajar, \u00e7\u00een \u00fb dewlet afirandin\u00ean \u00e7anda Sumer\u00ee ne an \u00e7anda Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea ne h\u00eajay\u00ee n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ea ye. D\u00eeroka \u00e7anda Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea vedigere n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee 15,000-12,000 BZ. Qonaxa \u015faristaniya Sumer\u00ee vedigere 5000-4000 BZ \u00fb di serdema Med-Pers\u00ee de, ku wek\u00ee destp\u00eaka serdema klas\u00eek a \u015faristaniy\u00ea t\u00ea hesibandin, diqede. Bi gotineke din, dema ku G\u00f6beklitepe \u00fb Sumer\u00ee \u015faristaniya kevnar tems\u00eel dikin, Med-Pers\u00ee destp\u00eaka veguher\u00eena ber bi \u015faristaniya klas\u00eek tems\u00eel dikin. \u015earistaniya kevnar bi w\u00earankirina As\u00fbriy\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea Med-Farsan ve di sala 612 BZ de bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb. C\u00fbdahiya bingeh\u00een di navbera her du \u015faristaniyan de ev e ku \u015faristaniya kevnar bi piran\u00ee li ser s\u00eestemek xweda-pad\u00ee\u015fah b\u00fb ku bi avahiyek m\u00eena kast\u00ea ve hatib\u00fb n\u00ee\u015fankirin, l\u00ea \u015faristaniya Med-Farsan bi ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea ve dihat xuyang kirin. \u00cemperatoriya Med-Farsan bi fetihkirina dever\u00ean heta Hindistan\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea \u015faristaniya Yewnan\u00ee di bin \u00ceskender\u00ea Mezin de bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Qonaxa destp\u00eak\u00ea ya \u015faristaniy\u00ea pir gir\u00eeng e \u00fb ev qonax ji Mezopotamyay\u00ea, cih\u00ea jidayikb\u00fbna \u015faristaniy\u00ea, hatiye hilgirtin. Her wiha \u015fax\u00ean w\u00ea li Misir, Hindistan, Gir\u00eet, \u015faristaniy\u00ean H\u00eet\u00eet, Kelt\u00ee, Sk\u00eet \u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ee hene. \u015earistaniya kevnar xwed\u00ee d\u00eerokek her\u00ee k\u00eam 3000 salan e. Taybetmendiy\u00ean m\u00eena kast\u00ea di \u015faristaniya kevnar de berbi\u00e7av in. Di navbera 3000-2000 BZ de, “s\u00eestemek ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek”, ku di bingeh de \u015fore\u015fek dij-\u015fore\u015f b\u00fb, derket hol\u00ea. \u00c7awa ku \u015faristaniya Kast\u00eel\u00ee \u00fb serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek li bin\u00ea \u00e7iyay\u00ean Toros-Zagros derketine hol\u00ea, s\u00eestema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek j\u00ee wisa derketiye hol\u00ea. Ev \u015fore\u015fa ku d\u00eeroka mezin, ku bi giran\u00ee li Mezopotamyay\u00ea navend\u00ee b\u00fb, da destp\u00eakirin \u00fb qutb\u00fbna ji rabird\u00fby\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan da. Y\u00ea ku ev \u015fikestin \u00fb \u015fikandina \u015faristaniy\u00ea afirand, y\u00ea ku \u015fore\u015fa felsef\u00ee ya navdar li n\u00eevgirava Yewnan\u00ee p\u00ea\u015feng\u00ee kir, \u00ceskender\u00ea Mezin b\u00fb, ku par\u00eazvanek\u00ee Ar\u00eestoteles bi xwe b\u00fb. Hewldan\u00ean \u00ceskender ji \u015eer\u00ea Gran\u00eekus heta \u015fer\u00ea w\u00ee y\u00ea daw\u00ee li Hindistan\u00ea berdewam kirin.<\/p>\n

Pi\u015ftre serdemeke veguh\u00eaz dest p\u00ea kir. Ev serdem wek\u00ee serdema Helen\u00eest\u00eek t\u00ea binavkirin. Ew tevl\u00eeheviya \u015faristaniy\u00ean Rojhilat \u00fb Rojava tems\u00eel dike. \u00ceskender ji kiryar\u00ean xwe ewqas haydar b\u00fb ku deh hezar le\u015fker\u00ean Helen\u00eest\u00eek bi deh hezar jin\u00ean Faris re zewic\u00ee. W\u00ee bi xwe j\u00ee di zewac\u00ean bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee de be\u015fdar b\u00fb. Serdema Helen\u00eest\u00eek qonaxeke veguh\u00eaz e \u00fb wek\u00ee sentezek Rojhilat \u00fb Rojava tevdigere. \u015earistaniya Helen\u00eest\u00eek bi qas\u00ee s\u00ea sedsalan dom kir \u00fb d\u00fb re j\u00ee bilindb\u00fbna Rojava dest p\u00ea kir. Romay\u00ea ev bilindb\u00fbn hezar salan domand.<\/p>\n

Roma hem\u00ee kevir\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean \u015faristaniya Rojavay\u00ee ya \u00eeroy\u00een dan\u00een. Ronesans li Ewropaya Rojava, bi giran\u00ee li \u00cetalyaya niha p\u00ea\u015f ket. Genova, Vened\u00eek \u00fb Floransay\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fengiya v\u00ea hewildan\u00ea kirin. Pa\u015f\u00ea di sal\u00ean 1500\u2019\u00ee de belav\u00ee Amsterdam\u00ea \u00fb di dawiy\u00ea de j\u00ee li London\u00ea b\u00fb. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, ew b\u00fb \u015faristaniyeke ku li perav\u00ean Atlant\u00eek\u00ea ge\u015f b\u00fb. Ew qism\u00ee li rojhilat\u00ea Deryaya Sp\u00ee, l\u00ea bi giran\u00ee li rojavay\u00ea Ewropay\u00ea p\u00eak hat. M\u00eena \u015faristaniy\u00ean ku ber\u00ea li Misir, Geliy\u00ea \u00cendus, Mezopotamya, hewza D\u00eecle-Firat\u00ea \u00fb Kendava Faris p\u00ea\u015f ketib\u00fbn, w\u00ea derfet d\u00eet ku li rojavay\u00ea Ewropay\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f bikeve \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna w\u00ea li dora sala 1500 PZ bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean ku \u015faristaniya Ewropaya Rojava xwed\u00ee kirine \u00e7i ne? Div\u00ea ney\u00ea jib\u00eerkirin ku tevahiya m\u00eerata \u015faristaniya Rojhilat\u00ee bo Rojava, bi gotineke din, bo parzem\u00eena Ewropay\u00ea hatiye veguhastin. M\u00eenak, r\u00eawiy\u00ea navdar Marco Polo di sal\u00ean 1270an de \u00e7\u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ea, wek wez\u00eer\u00ea xanedaniya \u00c7\u00een\u00ee xebit\u00ee \u00fb ti\u015ft\u00ean ku li wir f\u00ear b\u00fbye an\u00ee \u00cetalyay\u00ea. R\u00eawiy\u00ean bi heman reng\u00ee bi berfireh\u00ee Anatoliya \u00fb Mezopotamyay\u00ea ke\u015fif kirin \u00fb ti\u015ft\u00ean ku ji wir f\u00ear b\u00fbne an\u00een \u00cetalyay\u00ea. Sefer\u00ean Xa\u00e7perestan j\u00ee roleke wekhev l\u00eestin. Ji teknolojiy\u00ea bigire heta r\u00eabaz\u00ean deryay\u00ee, ji zanist\u00ea bigire heta bajarvaniy\u00ea, ji aboriy\u00ea bigire heta felsefey\u00ea \u00fb heta ol\u00ea, wan her ti\u015ft ji Rojhilata Nav\u00een an\u00een Rojava. Xiristiyan\u00ee oleke Rojhilata Nav\u00een e. Cih\u00fbyan bi Romay\u00ea re bazirganiyeke berfireh heb\u00fb. Wek\u00ee din, Misilmanan ji sal\u00ean 700\u00ee p\u00ea ve, bi qas\u00ee 750 salan li her\u00eama Endulus\u00ea ya Spanyay\u00ea \u015faristaniyek afirandin. Ewropay\u00ea rasterast ji Endulus\u00ea s\u00fbd wergirt. Hem\u00fb nirx\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea bi r\u00eaya Sel\u00e7\u00fbk \u00fb Osmaniyan \u00ean Anatoliy\u00ea veguheztin Ewropay\u00ea \u00fb gih\u00ee\u015ftin Balkanan. Ceng\u00eez Xan \u015faristaniy\u00ea li ser Deryaya Re\u015f an\u00ee Polonyay\u00ea \u00fb ji wir j\u00ee an\u00ee Ewropay\u00ea. Gelek ji afirandin\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea li Ewropay\u00ea bi tevah\u00ee ji Rojhilat hatine veguhastin.<\/p>\n

Yek ji st\u00fbn\u00ean her\u00ee xurt \u00ean pergala \u015faristaniy\u00ea ku ji Rojhilata Nav\u00een bo Ewropay\u00ea hatiye veguhastin \u015faristaniya \u00ceslam\u00ee ye. \u015earistaniya \u00ceslam\u00ee p\u00eavajoyek modern\u00eezekirin\u00ea ye. Med\u00eene bi Ereb\u00ee t\u00ea wateya bajar. Nav\u00ea Med\u00eenaya \u00eeroy\u00een ber\u00ee \u00ceslam\u00ea Yesr\u00eeb b\u00fb. Ji ber ku w\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fengiya bilindb\u00fbna \u015faristaniy\u00ea li N\u00eevgirava Ereb\u00ee kir, nav\u00ea Yesr\u00eeb hate guhertin bo Med\u00eene. Ev yek Ereban dike p\u00ea\u015feng\u00ean serdema xwe. Ev serdem roleke pir\u00ea di navbera serdema kevnar \u00fb serdema n\u00fbjen de dil\u00eeze. J\u00ea re Serdema Nav\u00een j\u00ee t\u00ea gotin. Serdema Nav\u00een bi teqez\u00ee \u00ceslam\u00ee ye. Ji 600 PZ heta 1600 PZ, bi qas\u00ee hezar salan, ew mohra gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ya \u00ceslam\u00ea hildigire. Ev qonaxek e. Anal\u00eezek rast a P\u00eaxember Muhammed, ji aliy\u00ean w\u00ee y\u00ean ol\u00ee bigire heya aliy\u00ean w\u00ee y\u00ean felsef\u00ee, gir\u00eeng e. Ola \u00ceslam\u00ee sentezek hem\u00ee serdeman e ji kevnar heya Xiristiyan\u00ee \u00fb Cih\u00fbtiy\u00ea. Wateya gotin\u00ean P\u00eaxember bi xwe, “Ez p\u00eaxember\u00ea daw\u00een im,” ev e: Serdema ol bi daw\u00ee dibe. \u00db li cih\u00ea ku ol bi daw\u00ee dibe, li cih\u00ea ku serdema ol\u00ee bi daw\u00ee dibe, \u00ceslam e. P\u00eaxember\u00ea daw\u00een Muhammed e.<\/p>\n

Di rastiy\u00ea de, serdema ramana ol\u00ee \u00fb \u015faristaniya ol\u00ee bi daw\u00ee dibe. Qonaxa her\u00ee bilind a \u015faristaniya ol\u00ee serdema Emewiyan di bin Muawiye de ye ku navenda w\u00ea li \u015eam\u00ea ye. Di heman dem\u00ea de, dikare were gotin ku serdema felsefey\u00ea di \u00ceslam\u00ea de j\u00ee bilind b\u00fbye. \u00ceslam qonaxa daw\u00ee ya ol\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee ye. \u00ceslam ku di bin Muawiye de bilind b\u00fb, di sala 1492an de li Spanyay\u00ea bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb. Rew\u015fek wisa ji bo \u00cemperatoriya Osman\u00ee j\u00ee derbas dibe. \u00ceslam\u00ea hewl da ku heb\u00fbna xwe bi r\u00eaya Osmaniyan dir\u00eaj bike. T\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna Osmaniyan li Viyanay\u00ea di rastiy\u00ea de t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbnek ji bo \u00ceslam\u00ea b\u00fb. \u00db ev yek ji h\u00eala modern\u00eeteya Rojava ve hat afirandin. \u00c7awa ku c\u00eehana kevnar ji h\u00eala felsefeya Yewnan\u00ee, teknolojiya \u00e7ekan \u00fb zanist\u00ea ve hat girtin; zanist \u00fb felsefeya Rojavay\u00ee ku ji \u00ceslam\u00ea \u00eelham girt, Xiristiyaniy\u00ea reform kir \u00fb Serdema Nav\u00een a \u00ceslam\u00ee girt. Dema ku Nietzsche got “Xwed\u00ea miriye”, mebesta w\u00ee mirina t\u00eageha yek Xweda b\u00fb. \u00db encam t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna \u00ceslam\u00ea ye. Ev bi riya ramana felsef\u00ee, serdestiya zanist\u00ee \u00fb teknolojiy\u00ea hat bidestxistin.<\/p>\n

Veguher\u00eena yekem a \u015faristaniy\u00ea ya Rojhilata Nav\u00een b\u00fb, ya duyem\u00een ya At\u00eena \u00fb Romay\u00ea b\u00fb. S\u00eayem\u00een veguher\u00eena mezin bi jidayikb\u00fbna \u015faristaniya rojavay\u00ee re \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, bi taybet\u00ee wek\u00ee encamek n\u00fbjenkirin \u00fb veguherandina \u00e7anda ku wan bi r\u00eaya \u00ceslam\u00ea m\u00eeras girt. Ev ew ti\u015ft e ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin “modern\u00eet\u00ee”.<\/p>\n

2- Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb Sosyal\u00eezma P\u00eakhat\u00ee (Reel)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00e7alakiya \u00e7eteyan e ku ji h\u00eala Holanda \u00fb \u00cengil\u00eestan\u00ea ve t\u00ea r\u00eavebirin; ew diz\u00ee \u00fb talan e. Ke\u015ftiy\u00ean korsan \u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee ku wek\u00ee qeyik\u00ean \u00e7ekan t\u00eane zan\u00een, bi r\u00eaya deryay\u00ea sermaye veguhastin \u00cengil\u00eestan\u00ea \u00fb ev yek pergala ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin kap\u00eetal\u00eezm damezrand. Dema ku em li d\u00eerok\u00ea din\u00earin, em dib\u00eenin ku ew ji sedsala 16\u2019an heya roja \u00eero pergala serdest b\u00fbye. Talankirina v\u00ea pergala m\u00eena \u00e7eteyan ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin pergala Anglo-Sakson, heta \u00eero j\u00ee berdewam dike. Ew pergalek diz\u00ee \u00fb talankirin\u00ea ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, w\u00ea xwe bi kiras\u00ea modern\u00eetey\u00ea ve\u015fartiye da ku xwe rewa bike. W\u00ea xwe bi rewatiya serdema modern ve\u015fartiye. Ew xwe wek\u00ee ku modern\u00eete ji dayikb\u00fbn\u00ea ve \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbye n\u00ee\u015fan dide. \u00c7eteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest maskey\u00ean modern\u00eetey\u00ea li xwe kirine. W\u00ea p\u00eavajoy\u00ean Ronesans, Reformasyon \u00fb Ronakb\u00eeriy\u00ea wek\u00ee maske bikar aniye \u00fb xwe ve\u015fartiye. W\u00ea \u00eedia kiriye ku ew talanker n\u00eene, l\u00ea berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea ku w\u00ea Ronesans, Reformasyon \u00fb Ronakb\u00eer\u00ee afirandiye. Her \u00e7end esl\u00ea w\u00ea ne wisa be j\u00ee, w\u00ea maskeya xwe kiriye ku biaxive. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u015f\u00eawey\u00ea niha y\u00ea s\u00eestema qatilan a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea ye ku di be\u015f\u00ean ber\u00ea de hatiye n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin. Ev hem daxuyaniyek pir w\u00earek e \u00fb hem j\u00ee mijarek e ku h\u00eajay\u00ee n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ea ye. Pirsa gelo elementa kast\u00ea xwe li dora 15,000 BZ li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea r\u00eaxistin kiriye \u00fb \u015faristaniya xwe afirandiye mijarek h\u00eajay\u00ee l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea ye. \u015eop\u00ean s\u00eestema kast\u00ea diyar in. Ji Hindistan\u00ea bigire heya \u00c7\u00een\u00ea \u00fb ji wir bigire heya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea, \u015fop\u00ean v\u00ee qatil\u00ea li ser bingeha kast\u00ea li her der\u00ea hene. Sumer, Misir \u00fb \u00c7\u00een div\u00ea wek\u00ee berdewamiya serdema ku pi\u015ft\u00ee Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fketiye werin hesibandin. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea qewim\u00ee \u00fb pa\u015f\u00ea li Sumer \u00fb Misr\u00ea veguher\u00ee niv\u00eesandin, s\u00eestem \u00fb bajar-dewletan. Div\u00ea gir\u00eengiyek z\u00eade nedin van. Qonaxa daw\u00ee ya tevgera ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek qonaxa Greko-Roman\u00ee ye. Qonaxek pir mezin, gir\u00eeng \u00fb bi bandor e. Ew dikare wek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeftina dewletek li ser bingeha aqil, digel p\u00ea\u015fkeftina ramana felsef\u00ee \u00fb aqil were d\u00eetin. Ew serketina li ser t\u00eageha dewlet\u00ea ye ku li ser bingeha z\u00eehniyeta kast\u00ea ye. Ev avahiya kast\u00ea bi hezaran salan li qerax\u00ean \u00e7em\u00ean D\u00eecle \u00fb Firat\u00ea jiyaye. Ew her\u00ee k\u00eam s\u00ea hezar salan li Delta N\u00eel\u00ea heb\u00fb. Ew li \u00c7\u00een\u00ea ji 1500 BZ heta 500 BZ heb\u00fb. Li Hindistan\u00ea j\u00ee, ku \u015fop\u00ean kast\u00ea h\u00een j\u00ee mane, heman ti\u015ft rast e. S\u00eestema ku \u015faristaniya yekem j\u00ea derketiye, kral \u00fb xanedaniya Sumer\u00ee, li ser bingeha kast\u00ea b\u00fb. Ev avahiyek e ku dema kesek dimire, hem\u00ee heval\u00ean w\u00ee bi wan re di bin erd\u00ea de t\u00eane ve\u015fartin. Arkeolog\u00ea navdar Samuel Kramer li cih\u00ea “Ur” kolandin kir \u00fb d\u00eet ku dema kral dimire, heval\u00ean w\u00ee bi w\u00ee re t\u00eane ve\u015fartin. Hem\u00ee hevj\u00een\u00ean w\u00ee li k\u00ealeka kral zind\u00ee t\u00eane ve\u015fartin. Heta erebeya kral j\u00ee di gor\u00ea de b\u00fb. Arkeolog bi d\u00eetina v\u00ea yek\u00ea tirsiya; xeyal bike, komek ji 600 an 700 kesan zind\u00ee t\u00eane ve\u015fartin! Ew kes\u00ean ku wek\u00ee dir\u00eajkirin\u00ean kral t\u00eane hesibandin dema ku ew dimire bi w\u00ee re zind\u00ee t\u00eane ve\u015fartin. Ev ew e ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin s\u00eestema kujer a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea. Gelo heval\u00ean w\u00ee jiyanek heye an na ne gir\u00eeng e, b\u00eaq\u00eemet e. Ew be\u015fek ji kral \u00fb pad\u00ee\u015fah in. Tu kes ji wan qet negot, “Ez di \u00ea\u015f\u00ea de me,” an j\u00ee nikarib\u00fb bigota. Birakujiya li qesr\u00ean Osmaniyan bi v\u00ea yek\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Sultan heta kur\u00ea xwe j\u00ee dikuje. Mehmed\u00ea s\u00eayem\u00een 3 kur \u00fb 18 xizm\u00ean xwe ku piraniya wan zarok \u00fb c\u00eegir\u00ean potansiyel \u00ean text b\u00fbn, b\u00eay\u00ee ku \u00e7avek\u00ee wan bihej\u00eene, ku\u015ftin. Sil\u00eaman\u00ea Mezin bi b\u00earehm\u00ee M\u00eer Mustafa ku\u015ft. Ev hem\u00fb m\u00eenak\u00ean ku\u015ftina li ser bingeha kast\u00ea ne.<\/p>\n

Derketina ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea li q\u00fbntar\u00ean \u00c7iyay\u00ean Toros-Zagros pir balk\u00ea\u015f e. Me j\u00ee bi v\u00ea mijar\u00ea re eleqedar b\u00fb \u00fb l\u00eakol\u00een kir \u00fb me d\u00eet ku ar\u00eestokras\u00ee j\u00ee li q\u00fbntar\u00ean hundur\u00een an li ser gir\u00ean li jor \u00c7iyay\u00ean Toros-Zagros ku serdema neol\u00eet\u00eek l\u00ea dest p\u00ea kiriye, derketiye hol\u00ea. Em \u00eero j\u00ee dikarin \u015fop\u00ean v\u00ea yek\u00ea bib\u00eenin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, \u00e7i dibe dema ku \u00e7\u00eenek ji kastek\u00ea derdikeve hol\u00ea? Ev pirs dikare bi pergala ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek were bersivandin. Er\u00ea, ar\u00eestokras\u00ee saz\u00fbmankirinek d\u00eerok\u00ee ye, n\u00fbjeniyek e, l\u00ea em pir ba\u015f dizanin ku bav \u00fb kal\u00ean wan her gav kujer\u00ean li ser bingeha kast\u00ea, kral\u00ean xwed\u00ea b\u00fbn. Li her dever\u00ea ku em l\u00ea din\u00earin, em v\u00ea yek\u00ea dib\u00eenin. \u00c7ima avahiy\u00ean kast\u00ea hewcedariya xwe bi b\u00fbna \u00e7\u00eenek ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek h\u00ees kirin? Sedema yekem z\u00eadeb\u00fbna nif\u00fbsa wan e \u00fb ya duyem j\u00ee z\u00eadeb\u00fbna derfet \u00fb dewlemendiy\u00ea ye. Em dikarin kast\u00ea wek\u00ee el\u00eet j\u00ee bi nav bikin. Bi rast\u00ee, t\u00eageha el\u00eet\u00ea bi xwe ji bo danas\u00eena kast\u00ea ye. V. Paretto, niv\u00eeskar\u00ea teoriya navdar a “El\u00eet”, bi r\u00eaya t\u00eageha el\u00eet\u00ea vegotinek d\u00eerok\u00ee ava dike \u00fb dib\u00eaje, “D\u00eerok pev\u00e7\u00fbna di navbera el\u00eetan de ye.” Ew t\u00eageha t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena el\u00eetan li \u015f\u00fbna t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ku em j\u00ee rasttir dib\u00eenin, dide nas\u00een. L\u00ea b\u00ea guman, berevaj\u00ee me, ew wan wek\u00ee kujer\u00ean kast\u00ea nab\u00eaje; ew wan bi navkirina el\u00eetan pesn\u00ea wan dide, ev c\u00fbdahiya di navbera me de ye. \u00c7awa ku Marks \u00e7\u00een pesn\u00ea xwe da, ew el\u00eet\u00ea j\u00ee pesn\u00ea xwe dide. El\u00eet h\u00een j\u00ee heye, ev di kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de pir e\u015fkere ye, l\u00ea heke h\u00fbn hinek\u00ee k\u00fbrtir bikolin, h\u00fbn ten\u00ea dikarin komek kujeran derxin hol\u00ea. Li vir, div\u00ea em j\u00ee bersiva v\u00ea pirs\u00ea bidin: Div\u00ea em \u00e7awa c\u00fbdahiya di navbera \u00e7\u00een \u00fb kast\u00ea de fam bikin? Bersiva v\u00ea pirs\u00ea ku div\u00ea sosyolojiya d\u00eerok\u00ee l\u00ea binih\u00eare, ji bo n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ea vekir\u00ee ye. Kast avahiyeke hi\u015fk \u00fb neguh\u00earbar e ku li ser qa\u00eedey\u00ean hi\u015fk hatiye avakirin, xwe disp\u00eare h\u00eazek xweday\u00ee ya t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee, xwe bi h\u00eaz \u00fb tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiya taz\u00ee n\u00ee\u015fan dide \u00fb li ser t\u00eakiliyek hiyerar\u015f\u00eek a hi\u015fk hatiye damezrandin. \u00c7\u00een ku pir derengtir derketiye hol\u00ea l\u00ea d\u00eesa j\u00ee ji avahiyeke m\u00eena kast\u00ea, avahiyeke nermtir, derbasdartir \u00fb normkir\u00eetir e. Ger d\u00eerok v\u00ea sosyolojiy\u00ea e\u015fkere bike. Eger bi awayek\u00ee ji rastiy\u00ea d\u00fbr bikevin \u00fb wek\u00ee t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee werin p\u00eanasekirin, w\u00ea dem\u00ea perdeyek li ser rastiya civak\u00ee t\u00ea ki\u015fandin.<\/p>\n

Marks bi xwe pir caran ket v\u00ea xeletiy\u00ea. Ew nekar\u00ee avahiya kast\u00ea di d\u00eerok\u00ea de bi t\u00eara xwe bib\u00eene \u00fb nekar\u00ee p\u00eanaseya xwe ya \u00e7\u00een\u00ea li ser rastiya d\u00eerok\u00ee bingeh bike. T\u00eageh\u00ean wek\u00ee “nirxa z\u00eade”, “mea\u015f” \u00fb “kir\u00ea” ku di teoriya Marks\u00eest de pir caran t\u00eane gotin, dah\u00eanan\u00ean aboriya siyas\u00ee ya Br\u00eetan\u00ee ne. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku li vir t\u00ea kirin, rewakirina talan, \u00eestismar \u00fb \u00eestismarkirin\u00ea bi t\u00eageh\u00ean zanist\u00ee ye. Ev e ti\u015ft\u00ea ku em wek\u00ee pirsgir\u00eak dib\u00eenin. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ji talan, diz\u00ee, \u00eestismar \u00fb \u015fer \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbye. Dewleta netewey\u00ee ji destp\u00eak\u00ea heta dawiy\u00ea \u015fer e. Hema b\u00eaje yek dewletek netewey\u00ee tune ye ku ji h\u00eala \u015fer ve nehatibe afirandin an j\u00ee ney\u00ea hilwe\u015fandin. Dewleta netewey\u00ee berhema tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiy\u00ea ye ji jor heta bin\u00ee \u00fb be\u015fa teng a ku tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiy\u00ea dike p\u00ee\u015fey\u00ea xwe j\u00ea re el\u00eet t\u00ea gotin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ew j\u00ee elementek kast\u00ea ne. Ji ber ku ev el\u00eet b\u00eay\u00ee ku ser\u00ee li tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiy\u00ea bidin nikarin bij\u00een, kasta n\u00fbjen kapas\u00eeteya xwe ya ku\u015ftin \u00fb \u00eestismarkirin\u00ea bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee z\u00eade dike. Ec\u00eab e ku civaknas v\u00ea rastiya d\u00eerok\u00ee bi r\u00eak\u00fbp\u00eak nab\u00eenin. Ev n\u00eaz\u00eekat\u00ee bi hiyerar\u015fiya h\u00eaz-zan\u00een\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee v\u00ea hiyerar\u015fiy\u00ea, ‘zan\u00een h\u00eaz e, zan\u00een li aliy\u00ea h\u00eaz\u00ea ye, ew xizmeta w\u00ea dike.’ Ev \u00eero j\u00ee di asta modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de rast e. Her kes\u00ea ku xwediy\u00ea akademiy\u00ea be, xwediy\u00ea zan\u00een\u00ea ye. Em \u00e7awa ar\u00eestokras\u00ee \u00fb kast\u00ea ji hev cuda dikin? Ar\u00eestokras\u00ee li gor\u00ee kast\u00ea saz\u00fbmankirinek r\u00eaxistinkir\u00eetir \u00fb tebeqeb\u00fbnek berfirehtir tems\u00eel dike. Koma kujer a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea ve\u015fart\u00ee, maskekir\u00ee \u00fb tund\u00fbt\u00fbj e. Ew her wiha n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee yamyamt\u00ee (kan\u00eebal\u00eezm\u00ea) ne. Di ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea de Yamyamt\u00ee (kan\u00eebal\u00eezm) tune ye, l\u00ea h\u00eaman\u00ean kast\u00ea kan\u00eebal\u00eezm\u00ea dikin. Cinawir\u00ean weha ji bo kastan j\u00ee fikar in. Peyva el\u00eet j\u00ee heye, l\u00ea her serdemek xwed\u00ee el\u00eet\u00ean xwe ye. Kast \u00fb el\u00eet bi tevah\u00ee ne yek in. Rew\u015fenb\u00eer j\u00ee el\u00eet in; xanedan, pispor\u00ean tenduristiy\u00ea, perwerdekar j\u00ee dikarin el\u00eet bin. Di w\u00ee war\u00ee de, t\u00eageha el\u00eet\u00ea t\u00ear\u00ea nake. Bi p\u00ea\u015fxistina t\u00eageha rast, em n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ea ne wek\u00ee sermaye, l\u00ea wek\u00ee koma kujer a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea an civaka li ser bingeha kast\u00ea vedikin.<\/p>\n

Ev mijar b\u00ea guman d\u00ea bibe sedema gelek n\u00eeqa\u015fan. Got\u00fbb\u00eaj\u00ean civaknasan \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee y\u00ean Marks\u00eestan, li ser v\u00ea mijar\u00ea d\u00ea gir\u00eeng bin. \u00c7avkaniya hem\u00fb pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean ku civak\u00ea ji karakter\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea civak\u00ee d\u00fbr dixin, pergala kast\u00ea ye. Marks v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi sermayeya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve gir\u00eadide. Her \u00e7end ew \u00eed\u00eea dike ku “nakokiyan e\u015fkere dike”, l\u00ea w\u00ee ev rastiya d\u00eerok\u00ee ve\u015fartiye, heta bi awayek\u00ee ku w\u00ea ji siyaset\u00ea vediqet\u00eene p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kiriye. B\u00ea guman, w\u00ee ev yek bi nezan\u00ee kiriye. Anar\u015f\u00eestan j\u00ee ev gotine, \u00fb ew qet xelet n\u00eenin. P\u00ea\u015fvebirina b\u00eatir a v\u00ea vegotin\u00ea, bidestxistina ravekirinek wusa ji h\u00eala materyal\u00eezma d\u00eerok\u00ee ve, p\u00eadiv\u00ee \u00fb watedar e.<\/p>\n

Werin em kap\u00eetal\u00eestek bifikirin; ew bi \u015fev \u00fb roj \u00e7i dikin? Ew bi piran\u00ee \u015feran plan dikin \u00fb dest p\u00ea dikin. \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem encama kr\u00eeza ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb tengasiya sermayey\u00ea jiyaye b\u00fb, wek\u00ee ku di kr\u00eeza 1929-an \u00fb \u015fer\u00ean din de b\u00fb. Sosyoloj\u00ee div\u00ea v\u00ea yek\u00ea rave bike. Bi kirina sosyolojiya d\u00eerok\u00ee, em rastiy\u00ea didin rastiya d\u00eerok\u00ee. B\u00fbda dib\u00eaje, “H\u00fbn nekarin bi ti\u015ftek\u00ee c\u00fbda re mij\u00fbl bibin heya ku h\u00fbn xencer\u00ea ji pi\u015fta xwe dernexin.” Sosyolojiya me j\u00ee di\u015fibihe v\u00ea yek\u00ea. B\u00eay\u00ee rakirina xencereya ku kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea li pi\u015fta civak\u00ea xistiye, tu pirsgir\u00eakek civak\u00ee \u00e7areser nabe. Axir, civaknas\u00ee nikare \u00fb d\u00ea nikaribe li ser her ti\u015ft\u00ea ku bi civak\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye biniv\u00eese. Neb\u00fbna eleqeya bi civaknasiya hey\u00ee re bi v\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Ew gelek ti\u015ftan li ser civak\u00ea ji me re dib\u00eajin, l\u00ea di bingeh de, ew ji me re ti\u015ftek\u00ee nab\u00eajin. Kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea ew h\u00eaz e ku her ti\u015ft\u00ee ji destp\u00eak\u00ea heta dawiy\u00ea dike. Ev p\u00eanase ji bo \u00eestismarkirin\u00ea vekir\u00ee ye, l\u00ea em bi hi\u015fmend\u00ee v\u00ea t\u00eageh\u00ea dubare dikin \u00fb t\u00eakiliya w\u00ea bi \u00e7\u00een\u00ea re dat\u00eenin. \u00c7\u00een\u00ee rastiyek e, l\u00ea ew formeke saz\u00fbman\u00eetir, hovanetir, \u015faristan\u00eetir \u00fb saz\u00fbman\u00eetir a kast\u00ea ye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ‘\u015fore\u015fa’ ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek pir gir\u00eeng e. Avakirina ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea motora ku bingeha hem\u00ee serdem\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea \u00fb nav\u00een p\u00eak aniye ye. \u00c7avd\u00eariya “t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee” ne xelet e, l\u00ea ji ravekirina w\u00ea d\u00fbr e. H\u00eamana kast\u00ea di kesayetiya ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea de veguheriye \u00fb xwe kamuflaj kiriye. Ar\u00eestokras\u00ee, xwe disp\u00eare berhevkirina d\u00eerok\u00ee ya kast\u00ea, w\u00ea cuda dike \u00fb berfireh dike. Ev \u00e7\u00eeni dibe formeke xeternaktir, gelemper\u00eetir a serdestiya kast\u00ea. Ew serbixwe ji koma kast\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f nakeve. Ev s\u00eestema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek li seranser\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea belav b\u00fb \u00fb gelek rastiy\u00ean civak\u00ee afirand. Ola yekxweday\u00ee, \u00e7ek\u00ean bronz \u00fb teknolojiya \u015fer \u00ean wek\u00ee erebey\u00ean du teker hem\u00ee berhem\u00ean serdema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek in. Xulam, wek\u00ee koley\u00ea xulam\u00ea xwe, j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f ket. B\u00ea guman, ev hem\u00fb b\u00fbn sedema p\u00ea\u015fketin \u00fb \u015fer\u00ean mezin. Kast\u00eek m\u00eena n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervanek\u00ee kujer e \u00fb ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea ev saz kir, hem \u00eedeolojiya xwe \u00fb hem j\u00ee prat\u00eeka xwe p\u00ea\u015f xist. Di nav ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea de zihniyet \u00fb \u00eeradeyek kast\u00ea ya ve\u015fart\u00ee heye. Di bingeh de, ar\u00eestokras\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweyek n\u00fb ya kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea ye. Em hewl didin kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea di forma w\u00ea ya hey\u00ee de p\u00eanase bikin \u00fb diyar bikin. Kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea y\u00ea hey\u00ee j\u00ee pir \u00eeht\u00eemal e ku kujer be. Dibe ku \u00eest\u00eesna hebin, l\u00ea esl ji destp\u00eaka d\u00eerok\u00ea ve wiha ye. Marks v\u00ea yek\u00ea wek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek d\u00eerok\u00ea diyar dike, l\u00ea ew ne p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek e. Ev koma kujer e ku civak\u00ea bi k\u00fbrah\u00ee w\u00earan dike \u00fb v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi \u015fikl\u00ea s\u00fbcek mezin dike. Heta di ol\u00ea de j\u00ee, ew bi mijara Qab\u00eel \u00fb Hab\u00eel t\u00ea tems\u00eel kirin. Ol dixwazin v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea bi v\u00ee away\u00ee rave bikin. Ol kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea \u015f\u00eerove dike. Ev rew\u015f bi zelal\u00eetir rave dike. Ol\u00ean yekxweday\u00ee v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea pa\u015fguh nekirine. Di ol\u00ean yekxweday\u00ee de, saziya p\u00eaxembertiy\u00ea t\u00ea pesinandin \u00fb bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, hewl t\u00ea day\u00een ku ku\u015ftina li ser bingeha kast\u00ea were s\u00eenordarkirin. L\u00ea bel\u00ea, ol nikare ku\u015ftina li ser bingeha kast\u00ea bi t\u00eara xwe s\u00eenordar bike; ew ten\u00ea w\u00ea reform dike. L\u00ea mirov v\u00ea yek\u00ea ji b\u00eer nakin. Ew h\u00een j\u00ee behsa p\u00eaxemberan dikin. M\u00fbsa, Y\u00fbsif, Yaq\u00fbb, Hermes – ew hem\u00ee di qesr\u00ean Misr\u00ea de p\u00eaxember in \u00fb ti\u015ft\u00ea her\u00ee bingeh\u00een ku wan kir ew b\u00fb ku F\u00eerewn s\u00eenordar bikin. Ev j\u00ee n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku pesindana ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea armanc dikir ku h\u00eamana li ser bingeha kast\u00ea s\u00eenordar bike.<\/p>\n

Div\u00ea were zelalkirin ka \u00e7\u00eena kap\u00eetal\u00eest a ku\u015ftina kast\u00ea \u00e7awa derketiye hol\u00ea. Ji ber ku girava \u00cengil\u00eestan\u00ea di destp\u00eak\u00ea de giravek korsanan b\u00fb, e\u015fkere ye ku komeke ku\u015ftina kast\u00ea ji v\u00ea yek\u00ea s\u00fbd wergirtiye, teknolojiya her\u00ee ba\u015f bi kar aniye. Korsan her gav di nav girav\u00ea de dixebitin \u00fb \u00e7ek\u00ean her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee di dest\u00ea wan de b\u00fbn, ku her du j\u00ee li \u00cengil\u00eestan\u00ea heb\u00fbn. Ev kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ji burjuvaziy\u00ea, ji \u00e7\u00eena qa\u015fo modern derketiye. \u00c7awa ku ar\u00eestokras\u00ee ji \u00e7\u00eena ku\u015ftina kast\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea, burjuvaz\u00ee j\u00ee qism\u00ee ji ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea, l\u00ea bi giran\u00ee ji \u00e7\u00eena ku\u015ftina kast\u00ea ya ve\u015fart\u00ee derketiye hol\u00ea. Burjuvaz\u00ee j\u00ee ne \u00e7\u00eenek afir\u00eener e. Ev destkeftiy\u00ean tekn\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb zanist\u00ee ne kar\u00ea burjuvaziy\u00ea ne. Burjuvaz\u00ee ji \u00e7\u00eena ku\u015ftina kast\u00ea ya ve\u015fart\u00ee derketiye hol\u00ea. Vegotina burjuvaziy\u00ea ya Marks perspekt\u00eef\u00ean bi gir\u00eeng\u00ee berevaj\u00ee \u00fb tahr\u00eef kiriye. Bi gelemper\u00ee, ew kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea zanist dike; bi taybet\u00ee, ew ‘\u00e7\u00een’ \u00fb ‘nirxa z\u00eade’ wek\u00ee zanist bi nav dike. E\u015fkere ye ku ev n\u00eaz\u00eekat\u00ee t\u00ea wateya ve\u015fartina korsan \u00fb kujer, \u00fb ketina nav xefika aboriya siyas\u00ee ya Br\u00eetan\u00ee bi nav\u00ea zanist\u00ea. P\u00eaw\u00eest e di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ov\u00ea de \u00eediaya r\u00eaber Abdullah Ocalan ku “zanistperest\u00ee nexwe\u015fiyek e” were nirxandin. Bi \u00e7ar\u00e7ovekirina rexneyan ji v\u00ea go\u015fey\u00ea, ev koma kap\u00eetal\u00eest d\u00ea rasttir were p\u00eanasekirin. Peyv\u00ean wek\u00ee “berhevkirina sermayey\u00ea” wek\u00ee Marks, an “emperyal\u00eezma qonaxa daw\u00ee” wek\u00ee Len\u00een, \u00ead\u00ee bi t\u00eara xwe raveker n\u00eenin. Ji ber v\u00ea sedem\u00ea me dewleta netewey\u00ee dan\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee. Rastiya ku ev saz\u00eeya ku\u015ftina kastan hewcey\u00ea dewleta netewey\u00ee ye pir h\u00eenker e. V\u00ea car\u00ea, saz\u00eeya ku\u015ftina kastan xwe di bin maskeya dewleta netewey\u00ee de daye p\u00ea\u015f \u00fb v\u00ea sehney\u00ea encam daye. P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna w\u00ea, m\u00eena he\u015ftp\u00eayek (ahtapot) mezin, di p\u00eanc sed salan de ten\u00ea bi r\u00eaya dewleta netewey\u00ee gengaz b\u00fbye. T\u00eakiliyek n\u00eaz\u00eek di navbera dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb modern\u00eetey\u00ea de heye. Li vir div\u00ea t\u00eageha modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest xelet ney\u00ea f\u00eamkirin; me her weha peyv\u00ean “\u00e7\u00eena kap\u00eetal\u00eest a modern” an “modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest” j\u00ee bi kar an\u00eene ku hema hema b\u00fbne rengd\u00ear\u00ean h\u00easan, l\u00ea rengd\u00eara her\u00ee guncaw ji bo kap\u00eetal\u00eestan “saz\u00eeya ku\u015ftina kastan” e. Dibe ku ew modern bin, l\u00ea ev w\u00eaneya kujer\u00ea m\u00eena kast\u00ea red nake. Kujer di nav civak\u00ea de bi cil\u00ean normal digerin \u00fb ev mirov j\u00ee wisa dikin. Rastiya ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezma modern heta niha bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee nehatiye vegotin n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku perdeya modern\u00eetey\u00ea \u00e7iqas bi bandor e, hetta li ser zanyaran j\u00ee. Away\u00ea ku kujer\u00ean m\u00eena kast\u00ea rew\u015fenb\u00eeran bi qesr\u00ean xwe ve gir\u00eadidin h\u00eajay\u00ee l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea ye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, div\u00ea em t\u00eageha modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest li ser bingeha v\u00ea \u015f\u00eerovey\u00ea qeb\u00fbl bikin. Ji bo ku em nekevin heman xeletiya ku Marks kiriye, em t\u00eageha modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest bi p\u00eanasekirina rast a \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya w\u00ea bikar t\u00eenin.<\/p>\n

S\u00eestema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek a dij-\u015fore\u015fger li hewza D\u00eecle-Firat\u00ea di avahiya kast\u00ea de \u015fikestinek \u00e7\u00eakir. Ev erdn\u00eegar\u00ee cih\u00ea ku avahiya kast\u00ea l\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea ye. S\u00eestema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek \u00fb avahiya kast\u00ea li vir ne\u00e7ar man ku veguher\u00eenin. Her \u00e7end bermahiy\u00ean avahiya kast\u00ea di dema \u00cemperatoriya Faris de h\u00een j\u00ee berdewam kirin j\u00ee, modelek dewletek rasyonel \u00fb ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek di bin bandora teoriya dewlet\u00ea de derket hol\u00ea ku pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fore\u015fa felsef\u00ee ya li Yewnan\u00eestan\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f ket. \u015eop\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een \u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb burjuvaziy\u00ea j\u00ee li vir hene. L\u00eabel\u00ea, berfirehb\u00fbnek n\u00fb \u00fb veguheztinek ji derg\u00fb\u015f\u00ea ber bi derve ve heye. Van p\u00ea\u015fketinan bi tevah\u00ee bandor li Serdema Nav\u00een a \u00ceslam\u00ee kir. Bazirgan\u00ee, zanist, dewlet, bajarvan\u00ee, deryavan\u00ee \u00fb hem\u00fb p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean din veguheztin Rojava. Li vir sentezek t\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakirin \u00fb ev sentez ber bi modern\u00eetey\u00ea ve di\u00e7e; l\u00eabel\u00ea, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm w\u00ea t\u00eak dibe. Van hem\u00fbyan di r\u00ea\u00e7a d\u00eerok\u00ee ya pergala kast\u00ea de rolek l\u00eestin. \u00cemperator\u00ean Romay\u00ee xwed\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean kast\u00ea y\u00ean gir\u00eeng b\u00fbn. Nekar\u00eena Sezar \u00fb \u00ceskender biryar bidin ka div\u00ea ew wek\u00ee mirov an xwedayan werin binavkirin m\u00eenakek tund a \u00eedeolojiya kast\u00ea ye. Sezar t\u00ea xwedakirin ku di rastiy\u00ea de, ev e ku muhafezekar\u00ee \u00e7awa ye. Moxol bi piran\u00ee kast b\u00fbn. Tsar\u00ean R\u00fbs\u00ee \u00fb \u00eemperator\u00ean \u00c7\u00een\u00ee j\u00ee kast b\u00fbn. Rej\u00eem\u00ean kast\u00ea li Afr\u00eekay\u00ea j\u00ee pir in. Pir e\u015fkere ye ku \u00cenkay\u00ean li Amer\u00eekay\u00ea kast b\u00fbn. Wan qurbaniya mirovan dikirin. T\u00ea gotin ku wan sal\u00ea 20,000 kes qurban dikirin ku ev prat\u00eekek kast\u00ea ye. \u00ceslam\u00ea derbeyek li pergala kast\u00ea xist. Derketina hol\u00ea ya \u00ceslam\u00ee dij-kast e. Her \u00e7end \u015faristaniy\u00ean Yewnan\u00ee \u00fb Romay\u00ee bermayiy\u00ean wan hebin j\u00ee, ew dij-kast in. Her \u00e7end damezr\u00eener\u00ean wan dibe ku xwed\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean m\u00eena kast\u00ea b\u00fbn j\u00ee, binesaziya wan a p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee – zanist, siyaset \u00fb felsefe – kulta kral xwed\u00ea, \u00eedeolojiyek kast\u00ea, hilwe\u015fand. P\u00eaxember Muhammed ev \u015fore\u015f jixwe p\u00eak an\u00ee. W\u00ee ragihand, “Kes nikare di taybetmendiya Xwed\u00ea de parve bike,” \u00fb derbeya her\u00ee giran li avahiya kast\u00ea da. Hevparkirina bi Xwed\u00ea re t\u00ea wateya mirina mutleq. Li gor\u00ee P\u00eaxember Muhammed, ev yekane qan\u00fbna b\u00ea guman e. Ev hem bandora pergala kast\u00ea hildigire \u00fb hem j\u00ee w\u00ea hilwe\u015f\u00eene. Xwed\u00ea bi tevah\u00ee razber e, nay\u00ea d\u00eetin. Ew heta her kes\u00ea ku xwe wek\u00ee kral\u00ea xwed\u00ea \u00eelan dike, tavil\u00ea ji hol\u00ea radike.<\/p>\n

\u00ceslam ew ol e ku derbeya kujer li t\u00eageha kral\u00ea xwed\u00ea da. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, w\u00ea di z\u00eehniyeta kast\u00ea de \u015fikestinek mezin \u00e7\u00eakir. Bermahiy\u00ean pergala kast\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eest\u00ean Rojavay\u00ee ne. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezma Rojavay\u00ee n\u00fbner\u00ea daw\u00ee y\u00ea pergala kast\u00ea ye ku ji panzdeh hezar sal kan\u00eebal\u00eezm\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea. Et\u00eeketkirina wan wek\u00ee “kap\u00eetal\u00eest\u00ean afir\u00eener” efsaneyek e. Marx di v\u00ee war\u00ee de xeletiyek mezin kir \u00fb em rexne dikin. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm zanist, p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dixe. Li \u015f\u00fbna ku ew wek\u00ee afir\u00eener were binavkirin, rasttir e ku meriv w\u00ea wek\u00ee n\u00fbner\u00ea daw\u00een \u00ea ku\u015ftina li ser bingeha kast\u00ea bi nav bike. R\u00eabaz\u00ean din j\u00ee desteserkirina qad\u00ean jiyan\u00ea y\u00ean cotkaran bi “dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirina” erd\u00ea ne. D\u00fbv re ew bi zor\u00ea erd\u00ea ku bi dest dixin di\u00e7\u00eenin. Cotkar\u00ean ku ji erd\u00ea hatine rakirin ne\u00e7ar in ku li wir di kar\u00ean wek\u00ee tevn \u00fb \u015fivantiy\u00ea de bixebitin. Her \u00e7end tevn r\u00eabazek kevne\u015fop\u00ee be j\u00ee, kap\u00eetal\u00eest w\u00ea desteser dikin \u00fb vediguher\u00eenin am\u00fbrek ji bo berhevkirina sermayey\u00ea. Tekn\u00eeka tevn li vir nehatiye \u00eecadkirin; ew ji dem\u00ean kevnar ve t\u00ea zan\u00een. Van kap\u00eetal\u00eestan bi zor\u00ea hilber\u00een \u00fb nirx\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea desteser kirine. P\u00ea\u015fkeftina \u015faristaniy\u00ea heye, l\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea modern\u00eete \u00fb Ronesans neafirand; kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ew desteser kirin. Ev rast\u00ee ye. Reformasyon ne ji h\u00eala kap\u00eetal\u00eestan ve, l\u00ea ji h\u00eala ke\u015f\u00ee\u015fan, kah\u00eenan ve hate kirin. P\u00ea\u015feng\u00ean wek\u00ee Luther, Munzer \u00fb Calvin ne kap\u00eetal\u00eest b\u00fbn, l\u00ea kah\u00een \u00fb komunal\u00eest b\u00fbn. Ew b\u00fbn ku ji perspekt\u00eefek ol\u00ee ve r\u00ea li ber modern\u00eetey\u00ea vekirin. \u00cecad\u00ean zanist\u00ee-\u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb ved\u00eetin\u00ean zanist\u00ee ne a\u00eed\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ne; Hema hema hem\u00ee wan bi hewldan\u00ean esnaf \u00fb zanyar\u00ean belengaz hatine afirandin.<\/p>\n

Dewlet \u00fb dewleta netewey\u00ee bilind dibin, bikaran\u00eena \u00e7ekan di \u015feran de leztir dibe; \u00fb ya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng, modelek n\u00fb ya dewlet\u00ea t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Em dikarin bi dengek\u00ee bilind bib\u00eajin ku \u015faristaniya rojavay\u00ee bi dewleta netewey\u00ee dest p\u00ea dike. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm b\u00eay\u00ee dewleta netewey\u00ee nikarib\u00fb bi ser bikeve. Encama me ew e ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm dewleta netewey\u00ee nayne dinyay\u00ea, dewleta netewey\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea t\u00eene dinyay\u00ea. Dewleta netewey\u00ee diyardeyek e ku li dora modern\u00eetey\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fketiye. Ew bi veguher\u00eena kom\u00fbn\u00ean Ewrop\u00ee bo civaka siv\u00eel \u00fb civaka siv\u00eel bo dewleta netewey\u00ee derketiye hol\u00ea. Kap\u00eetal\u00eestan ev yek desteser kirin, yekdest\u00ee kirin \u00fb heta fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea birin. Mixabin, di \u015fexs\u00ea Stal\u00een de, sosyal\u00eezm qurban\u00ee s\u00eestema kast\u00ea b\u00fb. Dewleta netewey\u00ee bi t\u00eara xwe nehatiye f\u00eamkirin. L\u00ea d\u00eesa j\u00ee, b\u00eay\u00ee komb\u00fbnek wusa h\u00eaz\u00ea,\u00a0 yekdestkirina wusa h\u00eaz\u00ea wek\u00ee dewleta netewey\u00ee, tu h\u00eaz nikarib\u00fb cinawirek wek\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea biafir\u00eene.<\/p>\n

Em rexneyek li ser Marks\u00eezm\u00ea tam ji v\u00ea xal\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dixin. Ew xelet e ku Marx \u015f\u00fbna destp\u00eak\u00ea pirt\u00fbka \u201cDewlet\u201d nivisandib\u00fbya p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee “Sermaye” niv\u00eesandiye. Sermaye di kevnar de heb\u00fb, hetta di nav Sumeriyan de j\u00ee. Ev ne ke\u015ffeke n\u00fb ye. L\u00ea dewleta netewey\u00ee modelek siyas\u00ee ye ku p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee ji h\u00eala b\u00eerdoz\u00ee, abor\u00ee \u00fb teknolojiy\u00ean Rojavay\u00ee ve hatiye afirandin. \u00db w\u00ea model\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm an\u00ee dinyay\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Mixabin, hem li R\u00fbsya \u00fb hem j\u00ee li \u00c7\u00een\u00ea, elementa kast\u00ea sosyal\u00eezm ne ji derve, l\u00ea ji hundir ve desteser kir \u00fb w\u00earan kir. Ev sedema bingeh\u00een a hilwe\u015f\u00eena w\u00ea ye. Stal\u00een elementek kast\u00ea b\u00fb; ew di zarokatiya xwe de bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee perwerde b\u00fbb\u00fb \u00fb tu eleqeya w\u00ee bi demokrasiy\u00ea tuneb\u00fb. Hemb\u00eazkirina t\u00eageh\u00ean wek\u00ee ‘zor \u00fb zor\u00ea’ ji h\u00eala Stal\u00een ve bi taybetmendiy\u00ean w\u00ee y\u00ean kast\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Ev felsefe di dawiy\u00ea de felsefeyek kast\u00ea ye \u00fb ber bi dawiya w\u00ea ve \u00e7\u00fb. \u00cero, li R\u00fbsyay\u00ea kes j\u00ee w\u00ea napar\u00eaze. P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna kap\u00eetal\u00eest a \u00c7\u00een\u00ea ji h\u00eala \u00e7end elementan ve hat bidestxistin. Sosyal\u00eezm ji hundir ve hat desteserkirin. Hem\u00ee van elementan kast in, ne j\u00ee ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek in. \u00c7ar\u00ean R\u00fbsyay\u00ea kast b\u00fbn, l\u00ea ew ji h\u00eala element\u00ean ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek ve hatin dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirin. Ev yek li Ewropay\u00ea j\u00ee wisa b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Di encam\u00ea de, dikare were gotin ku ji her perspekt\u00eef\u00ea ve, modern\u00eete \u015faristaniyek n\u00fb ye. \u00c7\u00een, zanist \u00fb dewleta desthilatdar bingeh\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eenin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, bermahiy\u00ean kasta kevin bi lez \u00fb bez modern\u00eetey\u00ea vala dikin \u00fb di bin maskeya kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de \u00eestismar dikin. Ew qezenc\u00ea berhev dikin \u00fb vediguher\u00eenin sermayey\u00ea. Mixabin, Marx j\u00ee ev yek kir mijara anal\u00eeza xwe, w\u00ea wek\u00ee “p\u00ea\u015fkeftineke p\u00ea\u015fver\u00fb \u00fb mezin” p\u00eanase kir. Li \u015f\u00fbna ku kujer wek\u00ee kujer bi nav bike, ew hewl dide ku xwezaya s\u00eestemat\u00eek a kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea anal\u00eez bike \u00fb dib\u00eaje ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea abor\u00ee \u00fb teknoloj\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fxistiye. L\u00ea \u00e7ima div\u00ea em van bi kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eabidin? Di rastiy\u00ea de, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ew diz\u00ee \u00fb desteser kirine. W\u00ea her ti\u015ft\u00ea ku her kes heb\u00fb girtiye, erd \u00fb teser\u00fbf\u00ean wan desteser kiriye. \u00db ev hem\u00fb bi \u015fer kiriye. S\u00eestema kast\u00ea bi girtina jiyanan heb\u00fbna xwe d\u00eetiye. B\u00eay\u00ee d\u00eetina v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea, teoriyek saxlem a sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea nay\u00ea avakirin.<\/p>\n

\u015ea\u015fiya Marks ew b\u00fb ku modern\u00eete bi kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea re tevlihev dikir, ji ber ku ew herduyan ji hev cuda nedikir. W\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea wek\u00ee ku zanist, Ronesans, felsefe \u00fb huner afirand\u00eeye, bi kar an\u00ee, l\u00ea ev ne wisa ye. Ev n\u00eaz\u00eekat\u00ee hem pir xeternak e \u00fb hem j\u00ee yek ji sedem\u00ean hilwe\u015f\u00eena sosyal\u00eezma p\u00eakhat\u00ee ye. Destp\u00eaka modern\u00eetey\u00ea Ronesans e, ling\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea din Reformasyon e. Reformasyon veguher\u00eenek rad\u00eekal a forma Katol\u00eek a Xiristiyaniy\u00ea ye. Ling\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea s\u00eayem\u00een \u015fore\u015fa zanist\u00ee \u00fb felsef\u00ee ye. Bi van hers\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fketinan re, her ti\u015ft bi awayek\u00ee rad\u00eekal diguhere. Encam “aboriya kap\u00eetal\u00eest” e.<\/p>\n

Her \u00e7end kap\u00eetal\u00eezm wek\u00ee aboriyek, wek\u00ee sermaye derkeve hol\u00ea j\u00ee, ew di bingeh de modern\u00eetey\u00ea ji hundur ve dixwe. Modern\u00eeteya Rojavay\u00ee h\u00een j\u00ee gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ye. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ew vala kiriye. Marks j\u00ee nekar\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea bib\u00eene \u00fb bi armanca afirandina dij-modern\u00eetey\u00ea, ew nekar\u00ee w\u00ea s\u00eestemat bike. Bi d\u00eetina me, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea modern\u00eete vala kiriye. Bi taybet\u00ee, w\u00ea Ronesans li gor\u00ee berjewendiy\u00ean xwe nirxandiye. Reformasyon, zanist \u00fb felsefe xistine xizmeta kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea. H\u00eaman\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest m\u00eena diz, talanker, cinawir\u00ean w\u00earanker in. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea modern\u00eete neafirand; berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, w\u00ea modern\u00eete ji naveroka w\u00ea vala kir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7avkaniya xeletiy\u00ean mezin \u00ean di teoriy\u00ea de div\u00ea li vir were ger\u00een. Marks pa\u015f\u00ea v\u00ea xeletiy\u00ea f\u00eam kir. W\u00ee hewl da ku bi ders\u00ean ku ji Komuna Par\u00ees\u00ea h\u00een b\u00fbye veguher\u00een\u00ea \u00e7\u00eabike, l\u00ea ew bi ser neket. Engels hewl da, Len\u00een hewl da ku bi xebata xwe ya “Dewlet \u00fb \u015eore\u015f” ti\u015ftek bike. Ezm\u00fbna Sovyet\u00ea hate p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Tev\u00ee hem\u00ee rexneyan, her \u00e7end di hundur \u00fb derve de serkeftin bi dest xist j\u00ee, got, “Ez gih\u00ee\u015ftim k\u00fbrahiy\u00ea.” Ev hem\u00fb bi nirxandina xelet a pergala kast\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Sedema hilwe\u015f\u00eena sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een bi anal\u00eeza xelet a kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Serkeftina v\u00ea yek\u00ea dijwar e. Hewldan hatin kirin, l\u00ea ew bi ser neketin. Di dawiy\u00ea de, hilwe\u015f\u00eena mezin a ku 70 sal \u015f\u00fbnda \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, neba\u015fiya teoriy\u00ean wan e\u015fkere kir. Rew\u015fek wisa li \u00c7\u00een\u00ea j\u00ee \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Ger kap\u00eetal\u00eezm bi r\u00eak\u00fbp\u00eak ney\u00ea anal\u00eezkirin, ev encam ne\u00e7ar e. Wek\u00ee din, ev ti\u015ft bi bihay\u00ea qurban\u00eekirina bi m\u00eelyonan kesan diqewimin.<\/p>\n

Gumanek pi\u00e7\u00fbk j\u00ee tune ku kap\u00eetal\u00eest n\u00fbner\u00ean daw\u00een \u00ean kujer\u00ean li ser bingeha kast\u00ea ne. Li vir, div\u00ea em modern\u00eetey\u00ea hinek\u00ee din p\u00ea\u015f bixin. Me diyar kir ku modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest s\u00ea st\u00fbn hene. St\u00fbna yekem hilwe\u015fandina civak\u00ea ye. Civakeke kap\u00eetal\u00eest nikare hebe. Civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee ji aliy\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ve hatiye hilwe\u015fandin. Dema ku heb\u00fbna hilwe\u015fiyay\u00ee civak be, \u00e7awa dikare rengd\u00eara “kap\u00eetal\u00eest” ji bo civak\u00ea were bikar an\u00een? Ev sedema her\u00ee gir\u00eeng a ne\u00e7areserneb\u00fbna Marks\u00eezm\u00ea \u00fb hilwe\u015f\u00eena sosyal\u00eezma p\u00eakhat\u00ee ye. Jenos\u00eed, \u015fer, karesat\u00ean j\u00eengeh\u00ea \u00fb bajar\u00ean ku m\u00eena tumor\u00ean kanser\u00ea mezin dibin hem\u00ee bi kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Ev hem\u00ee dewlet \u00fb hilwe\u015fandina civak\u00ea \u00eefade dikin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, li \u015f\u00fbna t\u00eageha “civaka kap\u00eetal\u00eest”, meriv dikare bib\u00eaje “kap\u00eetal\u00eezm dij-civak\u00ea ye”. Kar\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eest hilwe\u015fandina civak\u00ea ye. Ji e\u015f\u00eeran bigire heya dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee, ew her ti\u015ft\u00ee hilwe\u015f\u00eene. Kap\u00eetal\u00eest xw\u00eenmijek e (vamp\u00eerek e) ku di nav civak\u00ea de cih girtiye. Ew dewleta netewey\u00ee vediguher\u00eene dewletek kujer \u00fb her qada \u00e7alakiya civak\u00ee, nemaze di war\u00ean perwerde, exlaq, \u00e7and \u00fb huner\u00ea de vala dike. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew dij-civak\u00ee ye, heta w\u00earanker\u00ea civak\u00ea ye. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ne civak e; ew w\u00earanker\u00ea civak\u00ea ye, s\u00fbcdar\u00ea qirkirina civak\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

P\u00eaw\u00eest e ku dema p\u00eanasekirin\u00ea pir baldar \u00fb hesas bin. Bi v\u00ea yek\u00ea di hi\u015f\u00ea xwe de bikaran\u00eena \u00eefadeya “modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest” rasttir e. Ew s\u00ea st\u00fbn\u00ean ti\u015ft\u00ea ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin “hevdemb\u00fbn” t\u00eak dibe, armanc\u00ean xwe y\u00ean kujer \u00fb qirker li ser w\u00ea ferz dike. Li \u015f\u00fbna ku j\u00ea re modern b\u00ea gotin, div\u00ea j\u00ea re wek\u00ee xw\u00eenmij (vamp\u00eer) b\u00ea gotin, diyardeyek ku modern\u00eetey\u00ea t\u00eak dibe \u00fb t\u00ea de diherike. Ev xala gir\u00eeng e. Ne modern\u00eete bi xwe ye ku et\u00eeketa kap\u00eetal\u00eest hildigire, l\u00ea kurm\u00ea di hundur\u00ea w\u00ea de ye. Kurm\u00ea di hundur\u00ea dar\u00ea de w\u00ea dixwe, di dawiy\u00ea de w\u00ea hilwe\u015f\u00eene. Modern\u00eet\u00ee ti\u015ftek ba\u015f e, l\u00ea kurm\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00ea ku t\u00ea de diherike di dawiy\u00ea de ew an\u00ee xwar\u00ea. Niha, modern\u00eete di nav mirin\u00ea de ye. Dema ku em dib\u00eajin “modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest”, mebesta me ev e. Ew ji her al\u00ee ve, di ser\u00ee de li Ewropay\u00ea, di navend\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest de hildiwe\u015fe. Sermayeya daray\u00ee manevraya w\u00ea ya daw\u00ee b\u00fb. Her \u00e7end w\u00ea bi danas\u00eena aliy\u00ea p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea y\u00ea sedsala 19\u2019an gavek mezin ber bi p\u00ea\u015f ve av\u00eat j\u00ee, ev j\u00ee veguher\u00ee komkujiyek xwezay\u00ea, civak\u00ea t\u00eak bir. Heta \u00eero j\u00ee, sermayeya daray\u00ee modern\u00eetey\u00ea t\u00eak biriye. Niha, teknolojiy\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean wek\u00ee zekaya s\u00fbn\u00ee, metal\u00ean h\u00eaja, element\u00ean erd\u00ea y\u00ean k\u00eam \u00fb hwd., ji bo p\u00ea\u015fxistina pergalek\u00ea t\u00eane bikar an\u00een ku di heman dem\u00ea de her\u00ee z\u00eade qezenc\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadike \u00fb may\u00ee erd\u00ea w\u00earan dike. Ji ax\u00ea ti\u015ftek nam\u00eene; \u00e7iyayek ji bo desteyek z\u00ear t\u00ea w\u00earankirin.<\/p>\n

St\u00fbna duyem\u00een a modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest end\u00fbstral\u00eezm e. Endustral\u00eezm teknolojiya ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb dewleta w\u00ea ya netewey\u00ee an\u00ee dinyay\u00ea ye. Pirsgir\u00eaka bi rast\u00ee alarm\u00ea ku em dixwazin ron\u00ee bikin, toleransa ku li hember w\u00earankirina j\u00eengeh\u00ea ji h\u00eala p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ve ji ber qezenca w\u00ea ya bilind t\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fandan e. Karesata j\u00eengeh\u00ea hem\u00ee pev\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ean \u00e7\u00een\u00ee xistiye bin siya xwe. Ger ev berdewam bike, c\u00eehan d\u00ea bibe depoyek \u00e7op\u00ea. Niha, xetera her\u00ee mezin ji karesata avheway\u00ea t\u00ea h\u00eav\u00eekirin. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm berpirsiyar\u00ea v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye, ji ber ku ew endustral\u00eezma-p\u00ee\u015fesaziya ku w\u00ea dixebit\u00eene te\u015fw\u00eeq dike \u00fb p\u00ea\u015f dixe. T\u00ea gotin ku zekaya s\u00fbn\u00ee ya ku t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fxistin d\u00ea hema hema mirovan nehewce bike. Mirov\u00ea ku ji h\u00eala zekaya s\u00fbn\u00ee ve t\u00ea hilberandin d\u00ea mirov\u00ea xwezay\u00ee tune bike. Ev j\u00ee bi endustral\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Em behsa \u00e7ek\u00ean atom\u00ee, nukleer\u00ee \u00fb hem\u00ee celeb\u00ean din j\u00ee nakin. Ya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng, pirsgir\u00eaka plast\u00eekan heye. Plast\u00eek\u00ean ku okyan\u00fbsan tij\u00ee dikin, niha tevl\u00ee her ti\u015ft\u00ea ku civak dixwe \u00fb vedixwe b\u00fbne, \u00fb zik\u00ea hem\u00fb jiyana deryay\u00ee tij\u00ee plast\u00eek e. Ev rew\u015f her ku di\u00e7e xirabtir dibe. Her der b\u00fbye depoyeke \u00e7op\u00ea. Tevahiya m\u00eeqdara plast\u00eek a ku rojane di malek\u00ea de t\u00ea av\u00eatin t\u00eara tij\u00eekirina tevahiya taxek\u00ea dike. \u00c7alakiy\u00ean ekoloj\u00eek ji bo rawestandina v\u00ea xeterey\u00ea t\u00ear\u00ea nakin. Gelek ti\u015ft hene ku li ser endustral\u00eezm\u00ea werin gotin. W\u00ea bin\u00ea erd\u00ea w\u00earan kir, r\u00fby\u00ea erd\u00ea w\u00earan kir, hewa bi karbond\u00eeoks\u00eet\u00ea tij\u00ee kir, \u00fb okyan\u00fbs tij\u00ee \u00e7op\u00ea ne. Bajar bandor\u00ean kanserojen\u00eek didom\u00eenin. Kes nikare li hember qan\u00fbna qezenc\u00ea ya kujer\u00ea s\u00fbcdar bisekine. Wek\u00ee din, qada huner \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ea, \u00fb jiyana civak\u00ee bi tevah\u00ee di bin gef\u00ea de ye. Modern\u00eeteya dewleta netewey\u00ee jenos\u00eed afirandiye. P\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee berdewam dike ku s\u00fbc\u00ea jenos\u00eed\u00ea li dij\u00ee j\u00eengeh\u00ea bike \u00fb dewleta netewey\u00ee berdewam dike ku s\u00fbc\u00ea jenos\u00eed\u00ea li dij\u00ee mirovahiy\u00ea bike.<\/p>\n

St\u00fbna s\u00eayem\u00een a modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, dewleta netewey\u00ee, st\u00fbna cih\u00eareng \u00fb diyarker a modern\u00eeteya Rojavay\u00ee ya \u00eeroy\u00een e. Dewleta netewey\u00ee ji form\u00ean din \u00ean dewlet\u00ea cuda ye. Dewleta netewey\u00ee xwed\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean cuda ye ku w\u00ea ji dewleta kole ya kevnar an dewleta xulam a Serdema Nav\u00een, bi gotineke din, dewleta xanedan\u00ee, dewleta kral-xweda ku dikare wek\u00ee dewletek \u015fexs\u00ee were binavkirin \u00fb dewleta ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek, cuda dike. Yewnaniyan teoriya dewleta ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Dewleta ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek bi \u015fore\u015fek\u00ea pergala kast\u00ea an j\u00ee desthilatdariya kast\u00ea guherand. Kast kral-xweda ye, \u00fb ar\u00eestokrat al\u00eekar\u00ean xweda ne. Her \u00e7end gelek h\u00eaman\u00ean kast\u00ea dihew\u00eene j\u00ee, dewleta n\u00fb dewletek xanedan\u00ee ye, dewletek \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Veguher\u00eena \u015faristaniy\u00ea li Rojava, li ser bingeha Ronesans, Reformasyon \u00fb zanist\u00ea, \u015faristaniyek Rojavay\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f\u00ee me dike. Ev rew\u015f di sal\u00ean 1500\u2019an de bi tevah\u00ee berbi\u00e7av dibe. Ji v\u00ea re dewleta netewey\u00ee t\u00ea gotin. Derketina hol\u00ea ya dewleta netewey\u00ee serketina li ser dewleta kral-xweda, dewleta xanedan\u00ee, dewleta ol\u00ee \u00fb heta dewleta m\u00eetoloj\u00eek e. Ew hem\u00ee heman ti\u015ft\u00ee \u00eefade dikin \u00fb f\u00eelozof\u00ea w\u00ea Hegel e.<\/p>\n

Hegel f\u00eelozofek e ku ev hi\u015fmend\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fxistiye \u00fb di heman dem\u00ea de p\u00eaxember\u00ea w\u00ea ye. \u00c7awa ku p\u00eaxember \u00fb f\u00eelozof\u00ea rast\u00een \u00ea dewleta serdema nav\u00een P\u00eaxember Muhammed b\u00fb, p\u00eaxember\u00ea dewleta n\u00fbjen Hegel e, \u00fb w\u00ee ev rol bi awayek\u00ee dadperwerane bi cih aniye. Felsefeya dewlet\u00ea ya Hegel li k\u00ealeka dewleta netewey\u00ee dij\u00ee. Anal\u00eeza w\u00ee hem\u00ee raman \u00fb avahiy\u00ean t\u00eakildar\u00ee desthilatdariy\u00ea, ji dewleta bajar\u00ee ya Yewnan\u00ee bigire heya \u00cemperatoriya Napolyon, vedihew\u00eene. Danas\u00eena w\u00ee ya Napolyon wek\u00ee “xwedayek daketiye erd\u00ea” bi taybet\u00ee h\u00eenker e. Di bingeha xwe de, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ew xweda dike dewleta netewey\u00ee ye. Ev l\u00fbtkeya v\u00ea xweday\u00eetiy\u00ea ye, ku \u00eero di dewleta netewey\u00ee de cih digire. R\u00fbbir\u00fbb\u00fbna v\u00ea felsefey\u00ea erk \u00fb berpirsiyariyek bingeh\u00een a h\u00eaz\u00ean modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek e. Derbaskirina dewleta netewey\u00ee ten\u00ea bi hesabpirs\u00eenek rast bi v\u00ea felsefey\u00ea re mimkun e.<\/p>\n

Platon p\u00eaxember \u00fb \u00eedeolog\u00ea dewleta kevnar b\u00fb. Di serdema n\u00fbjen de, Hegel f\u00eelozof\u00ea dewleta netewey\u00ee ye. Taybetmendiya w\u00ea ya bingeh\u00een \u00e7i ye? Ne dewleta xanedan\u00ee, ne dewleta ol\u00ee, ne dewleta \u015fah-sultan, ne dewleta kral, ne dewleta \u00e7arh heye. Hem\u00fb \u00e7\u00fbne. Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, netew dewlet heye ku hem\u00ee kes\u00ean di nav civaka ku ew bir\u00eave dibe de wek\u00ee endam \u00fb welat\u00ee t\u00eane hesibandin. P\u00eanaseya dewleta netewey\u00ee ji v\u00ea yek\u00ea derdikeve. Her welatiyek endam\u00ea dewlet\u00ea ye. Netewe ji dewlet\u00ea cuda ye. Netew dewlet nav\u00ea ku ji tevliheviya herduyan re t\u00ea day\u00een e. Her endam\u00ea netewey\u00ea j\u00ee endam\u00ea dewlet\u00ea ye. B\u00ea guman, gelek kes j\u00ee hene ku ne gir\u00eaday\u00ee heman netewey\u00ea ne. Ji ber ku ev j\u00ee wek\u00ee endam\u00ean dewlet\u00ea t\u00eane hesibandin, dewlet\u00ea wek\u00ee “dewleta netewey\u00ee” t\u00ea binavkirin.<\/p>\n

Dewleta Osman\u00ee bi giran\u00ee bi xanedana Osman\u00ee re mij\u00fbl b\u00fb. Endam\u00ean xanedan\u00ea endam\u00ean dewlet\u00ea b\u00fbn. Yen\u00ee\u00e7er\u00ee xizmetkar \u00fb koley\u00ean dewlet\u00ea b\u00fbn. “Yen\u00ee\u00e7er\u00ee” t\u00ea wateya xizmetkar\u00ea n\u00fb, koley\u00ea n\u00fb. L\u00eabel\u00ea, dewleta n\u00fb cuda ye. Werin em damezrandina Komara Tirkiyey\u00ea bi b\u00eer b\u00eenin. Hem\u00fb welat\u00ee wek\u00ee welatiy\u00ean v\u00ea dewlet\u00ea hatin qeb\u00fblkirin, l\u00ea hem\u00fb wek\u00ee “Tirk” hatin p\u00eanasekirin. Hat gotin, “Em b\u00fbne dewletek netewey\u00ee \u00fb y\u00ean din j\u00ee w\u00ea wek\u00ee me bin.” Rew\u015fa ku wek\u00ee pirsgir\u00eaka Kurd t\u00ea zan\u00een ji v\u00ea t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ea derket hol\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Her wiha p\u00eanaseya “ummet\u00ea” (civata \u00ceslam\u00ee) heye. Ummet hem\u00fb nijad \u00fb neteweyan digire nav xwe. Di dewleta netewey\u00ee ya Tirkiyey\u00ea de ti\u015ftek\u00ee wisa tune. Dema ku nijad \u00fb netewey\u00ean din t\u00eane \u00eenkarkirin, avakirina hik\u00fbmet\u00ean li ser bingeha t\u00eageha ummet\u00ea t\u00ea rojev\u00ea. Hik\u00fbmeta hey\u00ee xwed\u00ee bingehek wisa ya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek e. \u00db ev di pirsgir\u00eaka Kurd de j\u00ee xuya dike. Ev l\u00eager\u00eenek ji bo d\u00fbrketinek ji \u00eedeolojiya dewleta netewey\u00ee ye. Hesabkirina her kes\u00ea ku Bo\u015fnak, Arnavut, an \u00c7erkez e wek\u00ee “Tirk” di p\u00eanasey\u00ea de k\u00eamasiyek n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Kurd, ji ber ku nif\u00fbsek mezin in \u00fb a\u00eed\u00ee \u015faristaniyek kevnar in, qeb\u00fbl nekirine ku wek\u00ee Tirk werin binavkirin. Dewletpar\u00eaz\u00ean netewey\u00ee dib\u00eajin, “Tu Tirk \u00ee \u00fb w\u00ea wek\u00ee wisa qeb\u00fbl bik\u00ee.” Ew v\u00ea yek\u00ea wek\u00ee “Kurd\u00ea Tirk” an “Tirkek\u00ee bi esl\u00ea xwe Kurd” bi nav dikin. Wek\u00ee ku t\u00ea zan\u00een, ev r\u00eabaz j\u00ee nehatiye qeb\u00fblkirin. \u015earistaniyeke mezin \u00e7awa dikare xwe \u00eenkar bike? T\u00eako\u015f\u00eena p\u00eanc\u00ee sal\u00ean daw\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee zelal n\u00ee\u015fan daye ku gotina gel\u00ea Kurd wek\u00ee Tirk nay\u00ea w\u00ea watey\u00ea ku ew \u00ea bibin Tirk.<\/p>\n

Netew-Dewlet ji bo kap\u00eetal\u00eezma ku d\u00ea pa\u015f\u00ea derkeve hol\u00ea gir\u00eeng e. Ec\u00eab e ku ev nay\u00ea f\u00eamkirin. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ji bo p\u00ea\u015fxistina dewleta netewey\u00ee wek\u00ee am\u00fbrek zor\u00ea hewce dike. Ji bo avahiy\u00ean dewlet\u00ea y\u00ean kevin zehmet e ku pergalek n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan wek\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea bime\u015f\u00eenin. Am\u00fbrek zor\u00ea ya pir berfireh p\u00eaw\u00eest e. Ne ten\u00ea yek kap\u00eetal\u00eest, yek \u00e7ar, yek xweday\u00ea pad\u00ee\u015fah heye; gelek hene. Hezar dewlet nikarin hebin; her\u00ee z\u00eade, \u00e7end dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee dikarin hebin \u00fb ev yek heb\u00fbna yekdestdariya desthilatdariy\u00ea hewce dike. Dewleta n\u00fbjen li netewey\u00ean wek\u00ee Alman, \u00cetal\u00ee, Frans\u00ee \u00fb \u00cengil\u00eez\u00ee dabe\u015f dibe. Dewlet \u00ead\u00ee ji h\u00eala kesan ve nay\u00ea destn\u00ee\u015fankirin l\u00ea ji h\u00eala neteweyan ve t\u00ea destn\u00ee\u015fankirin. Ev p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye. Heta jidayikb\u00fbna neteweyan j\u00ee ji hewcedariy\u00ea derdikeve. Ew hewcedariya kap\u00eetal\u00eest-kap\u00eetal\u00eest e. Ev ew in ku dixwazin qezenc bikin. Qezenckirina qezenc\u00ea j\u00ee h\u00eaz\u00ea hewce dike. Osmaniyan bi nav\u00ea xanedan\u00ea ceriband. Ji aliy\u00ea din ve, Mustafa Kemal ragihand, “Ez bi nav\u00ea netewey\u00ea \u015fer dikim,” \u00fb ji ber ku w\u00ee wek\u00ee neteweyek xwe organ\u00eeze kir, w\u00ee Xel\u00eefe, Osman\u00ee \u00fb feodal\u00ean Kurd t\u00eak bir. Li Ewropay\u00ea j\u00ee heman ti\u015ft qewim\u00ee. Len\u00een j\u00ee bi b\u00eerdoziya xwe ya dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00c7ar\u00ea R\u00fbsyay\u00ea t\u00eak bir, l\u00ea ji ber ku ew sosyal\u00eest b\u00fb, real-sosyal\u00eezm derbeyek xwar.<\/p>\n

P\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku meriv li ser mijara fa\u015f\u00eezm \u00fb sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea bisekine. Ji bo v\u00ea armanc\u00ea, p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku \u015fore\u015fa sosyal\u00eest, b\u00eerdoziya sosyal\u00eest, p\u00eakan\u00eena sosyal\u00eest \u00fb t\u00eakiliya di navbera sosyal\u00eezm \u00fb fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea de bi gi\u015ft\u00ee were l\u00eakol\u00eenkirin. Sovyetan ev yek dest p\u00ea kir. Heta Komuna Par\u00ees\u00ea j\u00ee burjuvaziya w\u00ea serdem\u00ea pir tirsand. Div\u00ea em li vir li \u00e7avkaniya w\u00ea bigerin. Ev sedema sereke ya derketina fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea ye. Dema ku sosyal\u00eezm wek\u00ee vebijarkek di jiyan\u00ea de derdikeve hol\u00ea, fa\u015f\u00eezm dikeve dewr\u00ea. Dema ku vebijarka sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea derdikeve hol\u00ea, n\u00fbner\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00ean rej\u00eema ku\u015ftina kastan dest bi l\u00eager\u00eena pergal\u00ea dikin \u00fb pergala ku derdikeve hol\u00ea j\u00ea re fa\u015f\u00eezm t\u00ea gotin. Di destp\u00eak\u00ea de, ew hewcedariya w\u00ea h\u00ees nakin ji ber ku ew tehd\u00eedek nab\u00eenin. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku li Girav\u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee qewim\u00ee m\u00eenakek v\u00ea ye. Korsant\u00ee fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea p\u00eaw\u00eest nake. Korsan bi zor\u00ea erd\u00ea digirin, \u00e7i bi derxistina cotkaran an j\u00ee bi \u00e7\u00eakirina t\u00ealan ji qad\u00ean jiyan\u00ea, bi v\u00ee away\u00ee cotkaran \u00eestismar dikin \u00fb wan dikin karker. Ji ber ku ew bi tu gef\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb n\u00eenin, ev ne hewce ye ku bibe sedema fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea. Fa\u015f\u00eezm dema ku gef\u00ean cid\u00ee \u00fb kujer li ser pergal\u00ea hebin, dema ku qeyran derkevin hol\u00ea, dema ku pergal ji ber prat\u00eek\u00ean \u00eestismarkirin\u00ea y\u00ean kujer\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest\u00ean kast\u00ea nedomdar dibe, \u00fb di bingeh de dema ku gefa sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea e\u015fkere dibe, derdikeve hol\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Sembola fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea, wek\u00ee ku t\u00ea zan\u00een, “bivir e-tewer” e. Ew bi e\u015fkerey\u00ee ji le\u015fker\u00ean bi bivir \u00ean serdema Romay\u00ea \u00eelham\u00ea digire. Fa\u015f\u00eezm pergalek e ku ku\u015ftina mirovan bi tewer rewa dike. Ew mirovan bi tewer dikuje, teror\u00ea belav dike. Ev peyv ji wir t\u00ea. Dibe ku j\u00ea re Naz\u00ee an ti\u015ftek din were gotin, l\u00ea esl\u00ea w\u00ea yek e. Pirsa \u00e7ima fa\u015f\u00eezm pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem derketiye hol\u00ea mijarek e ku div\u00ea bi r\u00eak\u00fbp\u00eak were f\u00eamkirin. Wek\u00ee ku t\u00ea zan\u00een, pergala Sovyet\u00ea dema ku \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem berdewam dikir ji dayik b\u00fb. \u00cengil\u00eestan, h\u00eaza sereke \u00fb hegemon\u00eek a kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea, bi Mustafa Kemal, bi \u015eah\u00ea \u00ceran \u00fb Afganistan\u00ea re tifaqek \u00e7\u00eakir \u00fb bi \u00e7\u00eakirina tifaqek bi w\u00ee re \u00fb \u015ferkirina li dij\u00ee Mao pi\u015ftgir\u00ee da Chiang Kai-shek li \u00c7\u00een\u00ea. Japonya wek\u00ee welatek\u00ee fa\u015f\u00eest ji dayik b\u00fb; fa\u015f\u00eezma Japon\u00ee heye ku bi k\u00eaman\u00ee bi qas\u00ee fa\u015f\u00eezma Alman xurt e. Ev hem\u00ee rej\u00eem in ku \u00cengil\u00eestan\u00ea pi\u015ftgir\u00ee da \u00fb afirandin da ku p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee li ‘xetera’ li ser bingeha p\u00ea\u015fkeftina sosyal\u00eest a li ser bingeha Yek\u00eetiya Sovyet\u00ea bigire. Li Endonezyay\u00ea serhildaneke sosyal\u00eest heb\u00fb \u00fb Partiya Komun\u00eest a her\u00ee bih\u00eaz li wir b\u00fb, l\u00ea p\u00eanc sed hezar komun\u00eest di \u015fevek\u00ea de hatin qirkirin. General Suharto di \u015fevek\u00ea de gelek komun\u00eest qir kir.<\/p>\n

Li Endonezyay\u00ea fa\u015f\u00eezm bi v\u00ee away\u00ee \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Li ku der\u00ea em l\u00ea bin\u00earin, Sovyetan hem\u00fb h\u00eaviy\u00ean xwe bi \u015fore\u015fa Alman ve gir\u00eadab\u00fbn. Avakirina s\u00eestemeke sosyal\u00eest a may\u00eende li Yek\u00eetiya Sovyet\u00ea wek\u00ee gir\u00eaday\u00ee \u015fore\u015fa ku ew bi b\u00easebr\u00ee li Almanya li bend\u00ea b\u00fbn dihat d\u00eetin. Ev di niv\u00ees\u00ean Len\u00een de e\u015fkere ye. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku protofa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea di sala 1919an de bi \u015fore\u015fger\u00ean sosyal\u00eest, bi taybet\u00ee Rosa Luxemburg, kir ba\u015f t\u00ea zan\u00een. Li R\u00fbsyay\u00ea \u015fore\u015fek \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbb\u00fb, s\u00eestemeke sosyal\u00eest p\u00ea\u015f diket, sosyal\u00eezm wek\u00ee vebijarkek derdiket hol\u00ea \u00fb \u015fore\u015feke sosyal\u00eest di bin serokatiya Rosa de li Almanya p\u00eak dihat. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, fa\u015f\u00eezm dema ku gefa s\u00eestemeke sosyal\u00eest ji bo kujer\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00ea m\u00eena kast\u00ea mezin b\u00fb, xistin dewr\u00ea. Bi rast\u00ee, Marks ev gefa kap\u00eetal\u00eest d\u00eet. Sosyal\u00eest\u00ean utop\u00eek j\u00ee ew d\u00eetin. \u00db gel\u00ean kolon\u00ee j\u00ee ew d\u00eetin. L\u00ea tu kes ji wan nekar\u00ee bi t\u00eara xwe li ber xwe bide. Kujer\u00ea m\u00eena kast\u00ea wan hem\u00fbyan man\u00eepule kir; W\u00ee hem\u00fb bi r\u00eaya zanist \u00fb huner\u00ea b\u00eabandor kirin. Di rastiy\u00ea de, Marx berxwedanek pir cid\u00ee p\u00eak an\u00ee. Div\u00ea sermaye ji v\u00ea perspekt\u00eef\u00ea were d\u00eetin. Ji ber gir\u00eengiya xwe, du sedsalan bandorek ava kiriye. L\u00ea di dawiy\u00ea de, modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ew vala kir \u00fb li gor\u00ee hewcedariy\u00ean xwe adapte kir. Mixabin, du \u015fore\u015f\u00ean mezin \u00ean sosyal\u00eest, ku navenda wan li R\u00fbsya \u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ea ye, di nav welat\u00ean p\u00ea\u015feng de ne ku \u00eero kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea zind\u00ee dikin. Niha, ne Amer\u00eeka \u00fb ne j\u00ee \u00cengil\u00eestan, ev welat in ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea li ser piyan dih\u00ealin. Sosyal\u00eezm bi tevah\u00ee hatiye t\u00eakbirin \u00fb di xizmeta kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de hatiye hi\u015ftin.<\/p>\n

Her wiha p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku bal\u00ea biki\u015f\u00eenin ser xalek din. Heta Marks bi xwe j\u00ee ti\u015ftek li ser dewleta netewey\u00ee, yek ji s\u00ea siwar\u00ean mah\u015fer\u00ea, negot; w\u00ee pesna p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea da, rexne l\u00ea nekir, ew wek\u00ee h\u00eazek mezin a p\u00ea\u015fver\u00fb bi nav kir, t\u00eageha “civaka kap\u00eetal\u00eest” afirand \u00fb ew dabe\u015f\u00ee “binesaziya abor\u00ee” \u00fb “avahiyek \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a jor”. W\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm wek\u00ee qonaxek p\u00ea\u015fver\u00fb ji bo mirovahiy\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kir. W\u00ee heta ragihand ku “sosyal\u00eezm d\u00ea li Ewropaya Rojava \u00e7\u00eabibe” ku serkeftina sosyal\u00eezma Marks\u00eest li Ewropaya Rojava n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Mao j\u00ee got, “Ev serkeftin dikare li koloniyan, li welat\u00ean k\u00eam p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee were bidestxistin,” \u00fb bi v\u00ee away\u00ee sosyal\u00eezm an\u00ee wan deveran. Encam ne sosyal\u00eezma ku Mao xeyal dikir b\u00fb; li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ea, w\u00ee bi bandor kap\u00eetal\u00eezm an\u00ee \u00c7\u00een\u00ea \u00fb di bin maskeya sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea de belavb\u00fbna tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiya li ser bingeha kast\u00ea li seranser\u00ea Asyay\u00ea p\u00ea\u015feng\u00ee kir. Encamek balk\u00ea\u015f e ku Partiya Komun\u00eest a \u00c7\u00een\u00ea \u00fb Mao ku ewqas li ser sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea axiv\u00een, b\u00fbn berdevk\u00ean her\u00ee mezin \u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea. \u00db ev \u00eeroniyek mezin e ku ev yek bi Deng Xiaoping, yek ji hevkar\u00ean her\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eek \u00ean Mao, qewim\u00ee. \u00cero, b\u00eay\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezma \u00c7\u00een\u00ee \u00fb R\u00fbsyay\u00ea, Amer\u00eeka nikarib\u00fb bij\u00ee. Amer\u00eeka dixwaze kap\u00eetal\u00eezma xwe bi kir\u00eaya-ranta ku ji wan dist\u00eene bime\u015f\u00eene.<\/p>\n

Dir\u00fb\u015fma “Israrkirina li ser Sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea, Israrkirina li ser Mirovb\u00fbn\u00ea ye” ku di sal\u00ean 1990\u2019\u00ee de ji h\u00eala R\u00eaber Abdullah Ocalan ve hate pi\u015ftgir\u00eekirin, v\u00ea rastiya d\u00eerok\u00ee diyar dike. Ew berevaj\u00ee gotina “Sosyal\u00eezm li vir tune ye, l\u00ea dibe ku li c\u00eehek din hebe” pi\u015ftrast dike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, her weha t\u00ea d\u00eetin ku sosyal\u00eezm li dever\u00ean ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm her\u00ee k\u00eam p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee \u00fb her\u00ee pirsgir\u00eakdar e, li welat\u00ean m\u00eena y\u00ean me ku xwe bi tevah\u00ee ned\u00eetine, qet kap\u00eetal\u00eezm nas nekirine, an j\u00ee di sepandina w\u00ea de amator in, ge\u015f b\u00fbye.<\/p>\n

Li van welatan, teoriyek \u015fore\u015fa sosyal\u00eest b\u00eay\u00ee ku st\u00fbn\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00e7areser bike \u00fb tewra kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea pesn\u00ea xwe bide, hate bic\u00eeh kirin. Len\u00een \u00fb Mao ev bic\u00eeh an\u00een. Encam karesatbar b\u00fb. Her \u00e7end Len\u00een serkeftin bi dest xistib\u00fb \u00fb \u015fer\u00ea navxwey\u00ee qezenc kirib\u00fb j\u00ee, w\u00ee got, “Ez li ber deriy\u00ea b\u00eabin\u00ee me.” Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku qewim\u00ee derbeya her\u00ee mezin a li sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea b\u00fb \u00fb ev gotin \u00eefadeya v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea b\u00fbn. \u00db ev li cih\u00ea ku serkeftin l\u00ea hate bidestxistin, ji h\u00eala r\u00eaber\u00ean wan ve hate gotin. Bi ec\u00eabmay\u00ee, ji bo ku ji b\u00eabin\u00ee bireve, w\u00ee NEP (Siyaseta Abor\u00ee ya N\u00fb) bic\u00eeh an\u00ee, bernameyek kap\u00eetal\u00eest a demk\u00ee \u00eecad kir \u00fb hilbijart ku w\u00ea ji bo rizgarkirina wel\u00eat bikar b\u00eene. Her \u00e7iqas Len\u00een NEP danas\u00een da ku aboriya Yek\u00eetiya Sovyet\u00ea ji hilwe\u015f\u00een\u00ea rizgar bike j\u00ee, w\u00ee bi gotina “Ji niha \u00fb p\u00ea ve, em \u00ea ji bo avakirina sosyal\u00eest t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ea bidin” rast\u00ee j\u00ee n\u00ee\u015fan da. L\u00eabel\u00ea, jiyana w\u00ee kurt b\u00fb \u00fb Stal\u00een NEP girt \u00fb li seranser\u00ea R\u00fbsyay\u00ea bic\u00eeh an\u00ee. Mao got, “Bila kap\u00eetal\u00eezm bi ser nekeve, werin ciwanno, werin em \u015fore\u015fek \u00e7and\u00ee bikin!” Di dawiy\u00ea de, pergalek bi nav\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezma dewlet\u00ea hate \u00eecadkirin \u00fb encam\u00ean ji bo sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea e\u015fkere ne. Dersek dikare ji v\u00ea were girtin. Werin em j\u00ea re bib\u00eajin derketin \u00fb encam\u00ean sosyal\u00eezma p\u00eakat\u00ee. T\u00ea zan\u00een ku hem li \u00c7\u00een\u00ea \u00fb hem j\u00ee li V\u00eeetnam\u00ea, pergala sosyal\u00eest ji ber sedem\u00ean navxwey\u00ee hilwe\u015fiya. Niha, milyarder\u00ean her\u00ee mezin ji V\u00eeetnam\u00ea t\u00ean. Kubay\u00ea navek heye, l\u00ea heb\u00fbna w\u00ea bi zelal\u00ee nehatiye destn\u00ee\u015fankirin. Ji ber ku bingeh\u00ean w\u00ea xelet in, ji ber ku w\u00ea zelal nekiriye ka meriv \u00e7awa nakokiy\u00ean xwe rave bike, encam karesatbar b\u00fbye.<\/p>\n

Di kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de, t\u00eageh di rew\u015fek pir xirab de ne. L\u00eeberal\u00eezm yek ji van t\u00eagehan e, \u00fb ew pir tevlihev b\u00fbye. Wateya rast\u00een a l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea azadiya takekes\u00ee ye. Her \u00e7iqas ev t\u00eageh balk\u00ea\u015f xuya bike j\u00ee, hilwe\u015fandin \u00fb \u00eenkarkirina kolekt\u00eev\u00eezm\u00ea ji ber dur\u00fbtiya l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea ye. Li ser r\u00fby\u00ea erd\u00ea, div\u00ea l\u00eeberal\u00eezm ney\u00ea dijber\u00eekirin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ew dibe pirsgir\u00eak ji ber ku bi t\u00eageh\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest t\u00ea n\u00eaz\u00eek kirin. Di rastiy\u00ea de, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ne wekhev\u00ee l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea ye. L\u00eeberal\u00eezma kap\u00eetal\u00eest kamuflajek e ji bo \u00e7eteyan. L\u00eeberal\u00eezm di bingeh de t\u00eagehek b\u00eaal\u00ee ye. Di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya l\u00eebertaryan\u00eezm\u00ea de, sosyal\u00eezm bi l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea re, \u00fb l\u00eeberal\u00eezm j\u00ee bi sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea re lihevhat\u00eetir e. Sosyal\u00eezm n\u00eaz\u00eektir\u00ee demokrasiy\u00ea ye. Demokrasiya l\u00eeberal ne kap\u00eetal\u00eezm e \u00fb ne j\u00ee demokrasiya burjuwa ye. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku t\u00eageh bi awayek\u00ee rast were bikar an\u00een. L\u00eeberal\u00eezm dikare wek\u00ee celebek l\u00eebertaryan\u00eezm\u00ea were \u00eefade kirin ku dikare ji h\u00eala her pergal\u00ea ve were bikar an\u00een, b\u00eay\u00ee ku c\u00fbdahiy\u00ean pergal\u00ea \u00e7\u00eabike. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya azadiy\u00ea de bi bingeh\u00een li dij\u00ee l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea ye. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm s\u00fbdwergirtin, \u00eest\u00eesmar, \u00e7alakiya \u00e7eteyan, koletiya modern \u00fb fa\u015f\u00eezm e. Kasta kap\u00eetal\u00eest ol\u00eegar\u015f\u00eek \u00fb hindikah\u00ee ye. Fa\u015f\u00eezm b\u00eay\u00ee karan\u00eena \u00e7ekan j\u00ee xwe disp\u00eare tund\u00fbt\u00fbj\u00ee \u00fb zor\u00ea. Em nikarin pergalek ku ser\u00ee li tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiy\u00ea nade \u00fb ji h\u00eala serdestiya qan\u00fbn\u00ea ve t\u00ea r\u00eavebirin wek\u00ee fa\u015f\u00eezm bi nav bikin. Dikare j\u00ea re “demokrasiya burjuwa” an ol\u00eegar\u015f\u00ee were gotin, l\u00ea ne guncaw e ku meriv j\u00ea re demokrasiya rad\u00eekal an demokrasiya rast\u00een bib\u00eaje. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm dijberiya demokrasiy\u00ea ye; ew dij-demokrat\u00eek e, ew karakter\u00ea demokrat\u00eek \u00ea komunal\u00eezm\u00ea ji hol\u00ea radike, w\u00ea ji esl\u00ea w\u00ea vala dike \u00fb dibe am\u00fbrek zordariy\u00ea ku kasta ku h\u00eaza serdest a pergal\u00ea ye vedi\u015f\u00eare. Di kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de, demokras\u00ee dibe taybetmendiyek ferm\u00ee. Modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00eedeolojiya l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fxist da ku s\u00ea siwar\u00ean mah\u015fer\u00ea bidom\u00eene. L\u00eeberal\u00eezm di bingeh de wek\u00ee projeyek dij-\u015fore\u015fger hate p\u00ea\u015fxistin ku armanc dikir ku \u015fore\u015f \u00fb civak\u00ea dorp\u00ea\u00e7 bike \u00fb wan ji esl\u00ea wan \u00ea sosyal\u00eest \u00ea rad\u00eekal d\u00fbr bixe. Bi helwestek dij-demokrat\u00eek, ew nav\u00ea demokrasiy\u00ea digire, demokrasiy\u00ea k\u00eam dike l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea da ku xwe \u00fb berjewendiy\u00ean xwe bi pi\u015ftgiriya girsey\u00ean civak\u00ee bipar\u00eaze, \u00fb \u00eest\u00eesmarkirin\u00ea normal bike \u00fb neguh\u00eazbar bike. Demokras\u00ee desthilatdariya gel e, l\u00ea l\u00eeberal\u00eezm w\u00ea k\u00eam dike formek ten\u00ea, w\u00ea ji esl\u00ea w\u00ea vala dike \u00fb wekheviyek r\u00fbkal\u00ee diyar dike. Maf\u00ean l\u00eeberal newekheviya abor\u00ee vedi\u015f\u00earin. Alternat\u00eef\u00ean azad\u00eexwaz, wekhev, komunal \u00fb demokrat\u00eek \u00ean derket\u00ee hol\u00ea bi komkujiyan t\u00eane tepeserkirin. Bi saya l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea, s\u00eestema kast\u00ea xwe \u00fb maskeya xwe ya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek vedi\u015f\u00eare.<\/p>\n

3- Modern\u00eeteya Kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb S\u00ea Siwar\u00ean Mah\u015fer\u00ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

Em modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest bi s\u00ea siwar\u00ean mah\u015fer\u00ea p\u00eanase dikin: kap\u00eetal\u00eezm, endustriyal\u00eezm \u00fb netew dewlet. Ev avah\u00ee ku ji sedsala 16\u2019an vir ve \u015fikil girtiye, modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest p\u00eak t\u00eene. Sosyal\u00eezm div\u00ea wek\u00ee alternat\u00eefek ji bo v\u00ea s\u00eago\u015fey\u00ea derketiba hol\u00ea, l\u00ea ten\u00ea anal\u00eeza sosyal\u00eest \u00fb t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena li dij\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea hatin p\u00ea\u015f, \u00fb ew j\u00ee nekar\u00ee were p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Di forma xwe ya hey\u00ee de, ew bi man\u00eefestoyek, Man\u00eefestoya Komun\u00eest, ve s\u00eenordar ma \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea nekar\u00ee were p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Anal\u00eezek sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea bi r\u00eaya ant\u00ee-kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea heye \u00fb ev anal\u00eez j\u00ee k\u00eamasiy\u00ean xwe dihew\u00eene. Ev teoriya sosyal\u00eest xwed\u00ee kapas\u00eeteyek pir s\u00eenorkir\u00ee ye ku di anal\u00eezkirina modern\u00eetey\u00ea de bibe \u00e7avkaniyek referans\u00ea; di rastiy\u00ea de, ev teor\u00ee be\u015fek ji w\u00ea ye, ew nekariye s\u00eenor\u00ean modern\u00eetey\u00ea derbas bike.<\/p>\n

Pirsgir\u00eaka serdema me ev e ku modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, bi s\u00ea siwar\u00ean xwe y\u00ean mah\u015fer\u00ea, mirovahiy\u00ea ber bi mah\u015fer\u00ea ve diki\u015f\u00eene. Asta ku \u00eest\u00eesmara kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00eero gih\u00ee\u015ftiye s\u00eenor\u00ea hov\u00eetiy\u00ea ye. \u00cestismara kap\u00eetal\u00eest wek\u00ee tumorek pence\u015f\u00ear\u00ea gerst\u00earka me p\u00ea\u00e7aye. Dewleta netewey\u00ee h\u00eaza w\u00ea ya l\u00eadan\u00ea ye. Di s\u00eestema dewleta netewey\u00ee de, netewe dibe civatek le\u015fker\u00ee. Tund\u00fbt\u00fbj\u00ee \u00fb \u015fer di dil\u00ea v\u00ea pergal\u00ea de ne. Dewleta netewey\u00ee s\u00eestema civaka \u015fer e. \u00db di van \u015feran de, her car\u00ea bi m\u00eelyonan mirov t\u00ean qirkirin. Anal\u00eez \u00fb rexneya Marks a li ser endustral\u00eezm\u00ea hema hema tune ye. Endustiyar\u00eelzm wek\u00ee xwe hatiye qeb\u00fblkirin, heta hatiye pesinandin. Ev xeletiyek mezin \u00fb k\u00eamasiyek stratej\u00eek e ku bandor li hem\u00ee serdem\u00ean pa\u015f\u00een kiriye. Bi heman away\u00ee, neb\u00fbna anal\u00eezek bih\u00eaz a dewleta netewey\u00ee ji h\u00eala Marks ve valahiyek \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a cid\u00ee dih\u00eale. Marks pa\u015f\u00ea di anal\u00eeza xwe de v\u00ea k\u00eamasiy\u00ea f\u00eam kir. Di dema niv\u00eesandina Sermayey\u00ea de, pirt\u00fbka s\u00eayem\u00een diviyab\u00fb li ser dewlet\u00ea be, l\u00ea ew t\u00eara xwe nejiya ku w\u00ea temam bike. Ji ber ku Marks perspekt\u00eefek ji bo anal\u00eezkirina dewleta netewey\u00ee tuneb\u00fb, her \u00e7end w\u00ee li ser w\u00ea niv\u00eesandiba j\u00ee, ji bo w\u00ee zehmet b\u00fb ku bi rast\u00ee biniv\u00eese.<\/p>\n

T\u00eako\u015f\u00eenek dijber ku p\u00ea\u015fkeftina p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea wek\u00ee qadek b\u00eaal\u00ee dib\u00eene \u00fb v\u00ea qad\u00ea di \u015fer\u00ea li dij\u00ee modern\u00eetey\u00ea de pa\u015fguh dike, \u015fans\u00ea serkeftin\u00ea tune ye \u00fb nikare j\u00ee hebe. Eger modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ney\u00ea rawestandin \u00fb bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee berdewam bike, t\u00ea gotin ku ten\u00ea p\u00eanc\u00ee sal mane li ser gerst\u00eark\u00ea. Em ne li ser diyardeyek distop\u00eek, l\u00ea li ser dawiyek rast\u00een a apokal\u00eept\u00eek diaxivin. Marks ev xeter h\u00ees kir \u00fb ant\u00eetezek formul kir, l\u00ea ew nekar\u00ee w\u00ea b\u00eatir p\u00ea\u015f bixe. Marks d\u00ea \u015fe\u015f \u200b\u200bpirt\u00fbkan biniv\u00eesanda. W\u00ee cilda yekem a yek\u00ea niv\u00eesand, l\u00ea ew j\u00ee ne temam b\u00fb. Anal\u00eeza w\u00ee bi mijara binesaz\u00ee \u00fb avah\u00eeya jor\u00een \u00fb bi anal\u00eeza \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ve s\u00eenordar b\u00fb. Di n\u00eeqa\u015fa xwe ya ser \u00fb lingan de, ew li pa\u015f Hegel ma. Hewldana Engels bi bingeh\u00een armanc dikir ku hinek\u00ee Marks temam bike. W\u00ee li ser Koka Malbat\u00ea, Milk\u00ea Taybet \u00fb Dewlet\u00ea, Diyalekt\u00eeka Xwezay\u00ea \u00fb Rola H\u00eaz\u00ea di D\u00eerok\u00ea de l\u00eakol\u00een kir, l\u00ea ev j\u00ee ne bes b\u00fb. Len\u00een hewl da ku Marks di war\u00ean anal\u00eeza siyas\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ea de temam bike, l\u00ea ew j\u00ee bi tevah\u00ee bi ser neket. Mao hewl da ku v\u00ea teoriy\u00ea li gor\u00ee t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean rizgariy\u00ea y\u00ean koloniyan biguhez\u00eene, l\u00ea li \u015f\u00fbna ku anal\u00eezek pergal\u00ea ya berfireh \u00fb \u00e7areseriy\u00ean alternat\u00eef p\u00ea\u015f bixe, ew s\u00eenordar \u00fb ne temam ma.<\/p>\n

P\u00eanasekirina kap\u00eetal\u00eezm, dewleta netewe \u00fb \u00eendustriyal\u00eezm\u00ea wek\u00ee s\u00ea siwar\u00ean mah\u015fer\u00ea ji bo t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fxistina t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena dij-p\u00eaw\u00eest p\u00eaw\u00eest e; ew di heman dem\u00ea de p\u00eadiv\u00eeyek ji bo zanista civak\u00ee ya rast\u00een e.<\/p>\n

A- Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm<\/strong><\/p>\n

Be\u015fek mezin ji zanyar\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean navend\u00ee y\u00ean Ewrop\u00ee bawer dikin ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee li Ewropay\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea. H\u00eamana her\u00ee gir\u00eeng ku dikare di derbar\u00ea b\u00eahempab\u00fbna \u015faristaniy\u00ea li Ewropay\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee sedsala 16\u2019an de were hesibandin, xwezaya w\u00ea ya pir p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee wek\u00ee sermayeya pereyan e. Yekdestiya sermayeya pereyan ji v\u00ea sedsal\u00ea \u00fb p\u00ea ve kar\u00eeb\u00fb hegemonyaya xwe li Ewropay\u00ea ava bike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, e\u015fkere ye ku ne mimk\u00fbn e ku meriv bib\u00eaje ku Ewropa welat\u00ea sermayeya pereyan e \u00fb d\u00eeroka w\u00ea bi v\u00ea serdem\u00ea ve s\u00eenordar e. Ti\u015ft\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een \u00ean di\u015fibin pereyan demek dir\u00eaj ber\u00ee v\u00ea serdem\u00ea heb\u00fbn. Pispor\u00ean ku li ser kevnariy\u00ea l\u00eakol\u00een dikin li hev dikin ku obs\u00eedyen \u00fb materyal\u00ean wekhev di nav materyal\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een de b\u00fbn ku rola pereyan l\u00eestin. Ev metal \u00fb ti\u015ft her gav di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de hatine berhevkirin. Gelek bajar\u00ean Rojhilat heb\u00fbn ku bi hezaran sal ber\u00ee Vened\u00eek, Amsterdam \u00fb London\u00ea sermayeya pereyan bikar an\u00een. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku di derbar\u00ea sermayeya pereyan a Ewrop\u00ee de b\u00eahempa ye, bilindb\u00fbna w\u00ea \u00fb avakirina hegemonyaya w\u00ea ya yekem e. Karl Marx v\u00ea celeb hegemonyaya sermayey\u00ea \u00fb bandora w\u00ea li ser modern\u00eetey\u00ea wek\u00ee rolek er\u00ean\u00ee \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fver\u00fb dib\u00eene. Immanuel Wallerstein, v\u00ea hegemonyay\u00ea bi \u015f\u00earek\u00ee ku ji qefes\u00ea xwe t\u00ea berdan di\u015fib\u00eene, hewce dib\u00eene ku tekez bike ku rola w\u00ea er\u00ean\u00ee ye. Ew heta wisa dixuye ku qeb\u00fbl dike ku sedem\u00ean derketina hol\u00ea ya v\u00ea hegemonyaya n\u00fb bi qelsb\u00fbna d\u00ear \u00fb pad\u00ee\u015fahiyan \u00fb dagirkirina Moxolan (Mongolan) li Rojhilat ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne, bi v\u00ee away\u00ee bi n\u00ee\u015fan\u00ean pirsyar\u00ean gir\u00eeng re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb dim\u00eene. Di dawiy\u00ea de, encam ev e ku ew ji bo d\u00eerok\u00ea qet vebijarkek ba\u015f n\u00eene. Ne hewce ye ku zirara tirsnak a p\u00eanc sedsalan a serdestiya sermayeya pere were p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin. Ten\u00ea dema ku hejmar \u00fb dir\u00eajahiya \u015feran, hejmara mirov\u00ean ku di \u015feran de hatine ku\u015ftin \u00fb bir\u00eendar b\u00fbne, encam\u00ean w\u00earanker \u00ean kr\u00eez\u00ean abor\u00ee, r\u00eajey\u00ean b\u00eakar\u00ee \u00fb xizaniy\u00ea \u00fb ya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng, rola \u015feran di karesat\u00ean ekoloj\u00eek de were hesibandin, d\u00ea ne dijwar be ku meriv f\u00eam bike ka em bi \u00e7i celeb hegemonyay\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ne. Nay\u00ea fikir\u00een ku modern\u00eetey\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm an\u00ee dinyay\u00ea; modern\u00eete wek\u00ee serdema b\u00eahempa ya xwezaya civak\u00ee t\u00ea d\u00eetin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, gava ku dewlet\u00ean \u00e7\u00eena bajar\u00ee yekdestdariya zilm \u00fb \u00eestismar\u00ea ava dikin, ew hewl didin ku \u015f\u00eawaza jiyana serdem\u00ea bi dest bixin \u00fb mohra xwe li ser w\u00ea deynin. Div\u00ea were pejirandin ku ew pir caran di v\u00ea yek\u00ea de serket\u00ee ne.<\/p>\n

Ya ku diqewime serkeftina propaganday\u00ea ye. Serdemek tevah\u00ee ji h\u00eala van b\u00eabextan ve t\u00ea desteserkirin. Dema ku t\u00eageha modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest t\u00ea bikar an\u00een, div\u00ea ev rast\u00ee her gav di hi\u015f\u00ea xwe de were girtin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, xwezaya civak\u00ee qet bi tevah\u00ee reng an away\u00ea heb\u00fbna kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea an j\u00ee yekdestdariya din wek\u00ee nasnameya xwe qeb\u00fbl nake. Ji h\u00eala teor\u00eek\u00ee ve ne mimk\u00fbn e ku xwezaya civak\u00ee wek\u00ee heb\u00fbn veguher\u00eene toreke yekdestdariya zordar \u00fb \u00eestismarkar. Wek\u00ee ku me \u00eespat kiriye, \u00e7awa ku ti\u015ftek wek\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezma paqij tune ye, ti\u015ftek wek\u00ee \u015faristaniya paqij j\u00ee tune ye. B\u00eay\u00ee civatek ku \u00eestismar bike \u00fb bir\u00eave bibe, dewleta bajar-\u00e7\u00een\u00ee nikare ten\u00ea wek\u00ee xwe hebe, ew nikare heb\u00fbna xwe ya mad\u00ee bidom\u00eene. Ew ten\u00ea dikare xwezaya civak\u00ee ya serdem\u00ea \u00eestismar bike \u00fb mohra xwe li ser w\u00ea deyne. Ronesans, Reformasyon \u00fb Ronakb\u00eer\u00ee, ku di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveyek Ewrop\u00ee de p\u00ea\u015f ketine, nay\u00ean gir\u00eadan bi kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea re. Kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb h\u00eaz ne afir\u00eener\u00ean Ronesans\u00ea b\u00fbn, l\u00ea wan her gav hewl dane ku bi r\u00eaya pere \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ea mohra xwe li ser w\u00ea bih\u00ealin. Ew dizanin ku heke ew biserkevin, ew \u00ea h\u00een b\u00eatir pere \u00fb h\u00eaz bi dest bixin.<\/p>\n

Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, civak, ku hedefa pere, sermaye \u00fb h\u00eazan e, dikare mohra xwe li ser \u015f\u00eawaza jiyana serdem\u00ea j\u00ee bih\u00eale. Gelek r\u00ea \u00fb m\u00eenak\u00ean v\u00ea yek\u00ea hene. Xwezaya r\u00eaziknameya civak\u00ee bi bingeh\u00een ber bi v\u00ea al\u00ee ve meyldar e. Ji ber ku civak rojane \u00eest\u00eesmar \u00fb serdestiya yekdestdariya sermayey\u00ea dij\u00ee, ew bi giran\u00ee dij-kap\u00eetal\u00eest e. Ciwan, jin, b\u00eakar, gel\u00ean kolon\u00eezekir\u00ee, gelek civak\u00ean ol\u00ee, her civakek ku debara xwe bi ked\u00ea dike, girseya sereke ya civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee, bi gotineke din, demos – gel – ew be\u015f\u00ean ku reng\u00ea bingeh\u00een didin \u015f\u00eawaza jiyan\u00ea \u00fb modern\u00eeteya serdem\u00ea ne. Demokras\u00ee \u00eefadeya van be\u015f\u00ean ku xwe bir\u00eave dibin e.<\/p>\n

\u00cedeal, avah\u00ee, t\u00eako\u015f\u00een \u00fb ast\u00ean serkeftina qutb\u00ean dijber d\u00ea reng\u00ea modern\u00eetey\u00ea diyar bikin. Gotina ku ew bi tevah\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eest an bi tevah\u00ee demokrat\u00eek e, t\u00ea wateya ketina nav k\u00eamker\u00eeyek xav \u00fb kor. Dema ku dor t\u00ea ser civak\u00ea, div\u00ea peyva “hem\u00fb” pir bi baldar\u00ee were bikar an\u00een. Xwezaya civak\u00ee tevlihev e \u00fb qet bi tevah\u00ee bi ti\u015ftek\u00ee yekane, bi rengek\u00ee yekane re t\u00eakildar n\u00eene. Div\u00ea were b\u00eeran\u00een ku nakok\u00ee c\u00fbdahiy\u00ea hewce dike. \u00db c\u00fbdah\u00ee wateya jiyan\u00ea ye. Gava nakok\u00ee, \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea c\u00fbdah\u00ee, diqede, jiyan diqede. Heta mirin j\u00ee ji del\u00eela jiyan\u00ea b\u00eatir ti\u015ftek n\u00ee\u015fan nade. Bi berdewam\u00ee l\u00eager\u00eena wekheviy\u00ea armanc dike ku dijber\u00ean xwe bi\u015fk\u00eene; wek\u00ee din, ew \u00eenkara jiyan\u00ea ye. Hewldana fa\u015f\u00eezm \u00fb modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ji bo jihol\u00earakirina hem\u00fb cudah\u00eey\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb k\u00eamkirina wan bo yek rengek\u00ee, m\u00eenakek din a balk\u00ea\u015f e ku dijberiya w\u00ea ya li dij\u00ee jiyan\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm h\u00een j\u00ee bi gelemper\u00ee wek\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweyek aboriy\u00ea t\u00ea hesibandin. Abor\u00ee wek\u00ee yek ji \u00e7alakiy\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean heb\u00fbn\u00ee y\u00ean civak\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fketiye. Afir\u00eener\u00ea w\u00ea jina matriarkal e. Xuyab\u00fbna her\u00ee berbi\u00e7av a v\u00ea yek\u00ea civaka matriarkal e.<\/p>\n

Abor\u00ee kom\u00eenal \u00fb kolekt\u00eef e. Ne \u00eest\u00eesmarkar e \u00fb ne j\u00ee n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ne aboriyek e. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm berdewamker\u00ea talan \u00fb \u00eest\u00eesmar\u00ea ye ku bi ku\u015ftina kastan ve t\u00ea me\u015fandin. Li gel v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea, kap\u00eetal\u00eezma abor\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ya navenda Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea ew wek\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweya her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee ya aboriy\u00ea p\u00eanase kiriye \u00fb rewa kiriye. Ev xapandina her\u00ee mezin e ku di bin maskeya zanist\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015f ketiye. H\u00eaza her\u00ee berbi\u00e7av a yekdestdar\u00ee \u00fb s\u00fbdwergirtin\u00ea di bin nav\u00ea aboriy\u00ea de rewa b\u00fbye. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u015f\u00eaweya her\u00ee tund a yekdestdariy\u00ea ye di d\u00eerok\u00ea de. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm b\u00eay\u00ee ku aliy\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek, le\u015fker\u00ee, hiq\u00fbq\u00ee, siyas\u00ee \u00fb otor\u00eeter \u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee werin hesibandin, nay\u00ea p\u00eanasekirin. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ne pergalek milk\u00ea taybet e ku ji h\u00eala j\u00eahat\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00fb afir\u00eeneriya \u00e7end karsazan ve hat\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Tu karsaz nikare kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea b\u00eay\u00ee yekdestdariya saz\u00fbman\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f bixe. Li \u015f\u00fbna ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm wek\u00ee aboriyek were p\u00eanasekirin, div\u00ea ew wek\u00ee tirsa her\u00ee mezin a ku li ser mirovahiy\u00ea hatiye kirin were p\u00eanasekirin. Hem\u00ee \u015fer\u00ean p\u00eanc sed sal\u00ean daw\u00ee rasterast an nerasterast bi kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Hejmara mirov\u00ean ku di van \u015feran de hatine ku\u015ftin, ku di serdema modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de hatine p\u00ea\u015fxistin, ji hejmara mirov\u00ean ku di \u015feran de di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de hatine ku\u015ftin pir z\u00eadetir e. \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea S\u00eayem\u00een ku \u00eero t\u00ea me\u015fandin j\u00ee bi \u00eestismara kap\u00eetal\u00eest ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Wek\u00ee din, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ne ten\u00ea bi \u015feran dikuje; wek\u00ee pergalek kanserojen\u00ee, ew hem\u00ee zindiyan bi tevah\u00ee ji hol\u00ea radike. Her \u00e7end pergal\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea y\u00ean dewlet-esas \u00ean ku beriya modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest b\u00fbn j\u00ee kanserojen\u00ee b\u00fbn j\u00ee, wan bi qas\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea gef li tevahiya pergal\u00ea nexwarin. Tu tevn an organek kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ji kanser\u00ea b\u00eapar n\u00eene. Her tevn \u00fb organek kanserojen\u00ee ye \u00fb kanserojen\u00ee derdixe. Bajar \u00fb \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ean jiyan\u00ea y\u00ean ku w\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fxistiye her k\u00ealiy\u00ea mirovan dikujin.<\/p>\n

B- Industryal\u00eezm<\/strong><\/p>\n

Indestryal\u00eezm behsa xwezaya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea dike. Di bingeha hem\u00fb nexwe\u015fiy\u00ean modern\u00eetey\u00ea de ku em \u00eero p\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb dim\u00eenin, nemaze karesat\u00ean ekoloj\u00eek, p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee heye, ku li ser hesab\u00ea mirovahiy\u00ea, xwezay\u00ea, \u00e7andiniy\u00ea \u00fb gund p\u00ea\u015f dikeve \u00fb her weha li dij\u00ee hunermendiya kevne\u015fop\u00ee ya bajar\u00ee ye. Industral\u00eezm \u00eedeolojiya yekdestdariy\u00ean sermayey\u00ea ye. \u015e\u00eawaza jiyana ‘n\u00fbjen’ a serdema me bi r\u00eajeyek b\u00eahempa ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee endustryal\u00eezm\u00ea ye. Di destp\u00eaka sedsala 19\u2019an de, \u015fore\u015fek mezin a p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea di bin serokatiya \u00cengil\u00eestan\u00ea de hate destp\u00eakirin. Her \u00e7end ev c\u00fbdahiyek gir\u00eeng a modern\u00eetey\u00ea be j\u00ee, ew b\u00eahempab\u00fbna w\u00ea garant\u00ee nake; ew ten\u00ea cih\u00earengiya w\u00ea derdixe hol\u00ea. Yek ji diyardey\u00ean ku div\u00ea dema p\u00ea\u015fxistina alternat\u00eef\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest were rexnekirin \u00fb derbaskirin, endustryal\u00eezm e. Ji bo v\u00ea yek\u00ea, gava yekem ew e ku di navbera endustryal\u00eezm \u00fb endustr\u00ee (p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea) de c\u00fbdah\u00ee were kirin. D\u00eeroka endustr\u00ee bi qas\u00ee d\u00eeroka mirovahiy\u00ea kevn e. D\u00eeroka teknolojiy\u00ea \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea bi karan\u00eena her am\u00fbrek ji bil\u00ee dest, ku be\u015fek organ\u00eek a mirovahiy\u00ea ye, dest p\u00ea kir. Bi qas\u00ee ku t\u00ea zan\u00een, endustriya (p\u00ee\u015fesaziya) yekem kevir b\u00fb. Pa\u015f\u00ea, seram\u00eek, am\u00fbr\u00ean \u00e7andiniy\u00ea, am\u00fbr\u00ean tevn\u00ea, am\u00fbr\u00ean veguhastin\u00ea \u00fb hwd., hatin p\u00ea\u015fxistin.<\/p>\n

D\u00eeroka veguher\u00eena p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea bo endustryal\u00eezm\u00ea bi burjuvaziya kujer a kast\u00ea dest p\u00ea kir. Bikaran\u00eena teknolojiy\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea burjuvaziya kujer a kast\u00ea ve wek\u00ee \u00e7ekek \u015fer li dij\u00ee civaka dayiksalar\u00ee, desteserkirina w\u00ea \u00fb bikaran\u00eena w\u00ea ji bo berjewendiya xwe, d\u00eeroka endustryal\u00eezm\u00ea da destp\u00eakirin. \u00c7\u00eena ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek ev kevne\u015fop\u00ee m\u00eeras girt \u00fb h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee endustral\u00eezm\u00ea berfireh kir. Burjuvaziya kap\u00eetal\u00eest a kujer a kast\u00ea, ku ji nav \u00e7\u00eena ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek derket, industral\u00eezm\u00ea an\u00ee \u015fikl\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea niha. Bi modern\u00eeteya Ewrop\u00ee re, di industral\u00eezm\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean \u015fore\u015fger\u00ee \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbn, ku di encam\u00ea de \u015fore\u015fek endustriy\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Ev \u015fore\u015fa p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ji h\u00eala rastiya civaka komunal ve hat afirandin. Wek\u00ee ku t\u00ea zan\u00een, heta serdema modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, civaka komunal bi hilber\u00eena civak\u00ee ve mij\u00fbl b\u00fb. P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea wek\u00ee encama zan\u00een \u00fb ezm\u00fbna tekn\u00eek\u00ee ya di p\u00eavajoya hilber\u00eena civak\u00ee de hat\u00ee bidestxistin derket hol\u00ea. \u00c7erxa zivirandin\u00ea, a\u015fxane, motora buhar\u00ea, \u00fb hwd., \u015fore\u015f\u00ean p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea b\u00fbn ku bi saya zan\u00een \u00fb ezm\u00fbna ku ji h\u00eala hilber\u00eena civak\u00ee ve hat\u00ee peyda kirin p\u00eak hatin.<\/p>\n

Burjuvaziya kap\u00eetal\u00eest a kujer a kast\u00ea ti t\u00eakiliya w\u00ea bi \u015fore\u015fa p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ya ku di modern\u00eeteya Ewrop\u00ee de p\u00eak hat re tune. Eleqeya burjuvaziya kujer a kast\u00ea bi p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea re encama xwesteka wan e ku p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea bixin bin kontrola xwe. P\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee, d\u00fbrxistina p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ji xizmeta civak\u00ea \u00fb veguherandina w\u00ea bo heb\u00fbneke dij-ekoloj\u00eek e. Ev t\u00ea wateya avakirina jiyaneke abor\u00ee \u00fb sosyoloj\u00eek a li ser bingeha hilber\u00eena p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea. Ew \u00eedeoloj\u00eezasyona p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ye, veguherandina w\u00ea bo avahiyek ku r\u00ea\u00e7a jiyana civak\u00ee diyar dike. Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, ew h\u00eaza \u00eedeoloj\u00eek, siyas\u00ee, le\u015fker\u00ee \u00fb \u00eestismarker a burjuvaziya kast-kast a kap\u00eetal\u00eest e. Heta ku p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00eeb\u00fbn li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea ney\u00ea f\u00eamkirin, hem\u00fb hewldan\u00ean ji bo d\u00eetina r\u00eabaz\u00ean alternat\u00eef \u00ean jiyan\u00ea \u00fb pergalan d\u00ea b\u00ea feyde bin. Ji ber ku burjuvaziya kast-kast a kap\u00eetal\u00eest, bi r\u00eaya siwar\u00ea xwe y\u00ea endustral\u00eezm, hegemonya xwe bi h\u00eaza xwe ya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek, siyas\u00ee \u00fb le\u015fker\u00ee xurt kiriye. Hegemonya burjuvaziya kast-kast a kap\u00eetal\u00eest b\u00eay\u00ee endustral\u00eezm\u00ea ne mumkin e. Hem dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm bi endustral\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne \u00fb bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. H\u00eaza le\u015fker\u00ee, siyas\u00ee \u00fb \u00eestismarker a hem dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea li ser endustryal\u00eezm\u00ea disekine. Ji bo d\u00eetina v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea, bes e ku meriv l\u00eakol\u00een bike ka zanist \u00fb teknoloji ji k\u00ea \u00fb \u00e7i re xizmet\u00ea dike. Di modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de, hem\u00fb l\u00eakol\u00een \u00fb hilber\u00eena zanist\u00ee \u00fb teknoloj\u00eek bi p\u00ea\u015fxistina dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00ea. Hem\u00fb teknolojiya bilind di dest\u00ea h\u00eaza le\u015fker\u00ee ya dewleta netewey\u00ee de ye. Ev yek \u00eest\u00eexbarat j\u00ee dihew\u00eene, ji ber ku \u00eest\u00eexbarat wek\u00ee qada le\u015fker\u00ee t\u00ea p\u00eanasekirin. Ev yek ji bo kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea j\u00ee derbasdar e. \u00cest\u00eesmara kap\u00eetal\u00eest bi r\u00eaya teknolojiya bilind p\u00eak t\u00ea. Zan\u00eengeh, NASA, \u00fb CERN (Navenda L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean Nukleer\u00ee ya Ewrop\u00ee) ji bo dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea b\u00eest \u00fb \u00e7ar saetan dixebitin. Her teknolojiyeke p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee \u00fb bilind bi giran\u00ee di war\u00ea le\u015fker\u00ee de t\u00ea bikar an\u00een. P\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00eeb\u00fbn di heman dem\u00ea de t\u00ea wateya hilberandin \u00fb firotina zanist \u00fb teknolojiy\u00ea ji bo qezenc\u00ea. Burjuvaziya kasta kap\u00eetal\u00eest zanist \u00fb teknolojiy\u00ea wek\u00ee ku ew ji bo xizmeta civak\u00ea hilber\u00eenin bi r\u00eaya propagandayeke hegemon\u00eek a \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a mezin p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, rast\u00ee tam berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea ye. Ti hilber\u00eeneke zanist\u00ee \u00fb teknoloj\u00eek tune ye ku ne gir\u00eaday\u00ee qazanc\u00ea be. Ev yek di jiyana rojane de bi awayek\u00ee her\u00ee berbi\u00e7av t\u00ea d\u00eetin. Her rastiyeke zanist\u00ee an berhemeke tekn\u00eek\u00ee ya ku di bin nav\u00ea “xizmet\u00ea” de t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin bi m\u00eeqdar\u00ean mezin \u00ean pereyan t\u00ea kir\u00een. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, endustral\u00eezmb\u00fbn niha wek\u00ee am\u00fbrek bih\u00eaz a zordar\u00ee \u00fb kontrolkirina li ser civak\u00ea t\u00ea bikar an\u00een. H\u00eaza le\u015fker\u00ee \u00fb tekn\u00eek\u00ee ya tirsnak \u00fb tirsnak a ku li ser dewleta netewey\u00ee hatiye day\u00een, rola h\u00eaza her\u00ee mezin a zordar a d\u00eerok\u00ea dil\u00eeze. Teknolojiy\u00ean fezay\u00ee, ragihandin\u00ea \u00fb agahdariy\u00ea ji bo \u00e7avd\u00ear\u00ee \u00fb kontrolkirina civak\u00ea t\u00eane bikar an\u00een. Ji komputeran bigire heya \u00eenternet\u00ea, ji t\u00ealefon\u00ean j\u00eer bigire heya nav\u00eegasyon\u00ea, hem\u00fb teknoloji ji bo \u00e7avd\u00ear\u00ee \u00fb kontrolkirina civak\u00ea di xizmeta dewleta netewey\u00ee de ye. Yek ji pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean her\u00ee kr\u00eet\u00eek \u00ean bi endustral\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee, hema b\u00eaje tunekirina \u00e7andiniy\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Rew\u015fa hey\u00ee ya \u00e7andiniy\u00ea civak bi tuneb\u00fbn\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb hi\u015ftiye. Hilwe\u015f\u00eena \u00e7andiniy\u00ea t\u00ea wateya hilwe\u015f\u00eena civak\u00ea. Rew\u015f ewqas xirab e. \u00cad\u00ee erd\u00ea \u00e7andiniy\u00ea nemaye. Erd niha di dest\u00ea \u015f\u00eerket\u00ean mezin \u00ean endusral\u00eezm\u00ea \u00a0de ye. Ev \u015f\u00eerket korsan\u00ean serdema me ne. Wan hema hema hem\u00fb erd\u00ean berhemdar desteser kirine. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku wan desteser nekiriye, di bin s\u00eestem\u00ean xwe y\u00ean mafyay\u00ee de ye. Yekdestdar\u00ean endustral\u00eezm\u00ea y\u00ean li ser \u00e7andiniy\u00ea hatine avakirin, \u00e7andiniya c\u00eehan\u00ea kontrol dikin. Ev yekdestdar\u00ee, ji bo qezenc\u00ea, ax \u00fb tovan bi awayek\u00ee genet\u00eek\u00ee diguher\u00eenin \u00fb derbeyek mezin li tenduristiya civak\u00ea didin. Hema b\u00eaje ti berhemeke \u00e7andiniy\u00ea b\u00eay\u00ee GMO nam\u00eene. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de d\u00een\u00eet\u00eeyek \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbye.<\/p>\n

Qir\u00eajiya hewa, av \u00fb deryayan, \u00e7olb\u00fbna z\u00eade ya erd\u00ea \u00fb rastiya ku xweza \u00ead\u00ee nikare nif\u00fbsa mirovan t\u00ear bike, hem\u00ee bi endustryal\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Okyan\u00fbs \u00fb deryay\u00ean me bi zibil tij\u00ee ne, \u00fb ev rew\u015f xirabtir dibe. Bajar veguheriye dever\u00ean \u00e7andiniy\u00ea ji bo kanserojenan. Hem\u00fb n\u00ee\u015fan n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku em ber bi mah\u015fer\u00ea ve di\u00e7in ku di pirt\u00fbk\u00ean p\u00eeroz de hatiye vegotin. Ger ev berdewam bike, bir\u00e7\u00eeb\u00fbnek mezin ne\u00e7ar e. Div\u00ea p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00eeb\u00fbn wek\u00ee pergalek raman \u00fb prat\u00eek\u00ean ku bi taybet\u00ee li ser dij-ekolojiy\u00ea hatine avakirin were f\u00eamkirin. Her ti\u015ft\u00ea ku bi nav\u00ea teknolojiya endustral\u00eezm\u00ea \u00fb raman\u00ea di bin nav\u00ea zanist\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015f ketiye, b\u00ea pirs hatiye qeb\u00fblkirin. Hilber\u00eena z\u00eade \u00fb civaka xer\u00eedar a t\u00eakildar hevsengiya xwezay\u00ea t\u00eak daye. Gaz\u00ean teknolojiya bilind \u00ean ku di j\u00eengeh\u00ea de hatine berdan, zirar dane tevna atmosfer\u00ea \u00fb b\u00fbne sedema germb\u00fbna gerd\u00fbn\u00ee, ku ev j\u00ee b\u00fbye sedema hi\u015fkesaliy\u00ea \u00fb karesat\u00ean xwezay\u00ee. Xala ku p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea mirovahiy\u00ea bi w\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb aniye, w\u00earankirina ekoloj\u00eek e. Mijareke din ku div\u00ea bi cid\u00ee di t\u00eakiliya bi industryal\u00eezm\u00ea re were nirxandin j\u00eerb\u00fbna s\u00fbn\u00ee ye. endustryal\u00eezm bi berdewam\u00ee propaganday\u00ea dike ka \u00e7awa j\u00eerb\u00fbna s\u00fbn\u00ee jiyana mirovan h\u00easan dike. Bi v\u00ea propaganday\u00ea, ew robot\u00eezasyona ku diafir\u00eene vedi\u015f\u00eare. Z\u00eerekiya s\u00fbn\u00ee ku ji h\u00eala j\u00eerb\u00fbnek mezin m\u00eena j\u00eerb\u00fbna mirovan ve hat\u00ee afirandin, li \u015f\u00fbna j\u00eerb\u00fbna mirovan t\u00ea dan\u00een. T\u00ea zan\u00een ku j\u00eerb\u00fbna s\u00fbn\u00ee ten\u00ea teknolojiyek e ku peywir hildigire. Ew li gor\u00ee ti\u015ft\u00ea ku t\u00ea de barkir\u00ee ye dixebite \u00fb ti\u015ftek nake ku ne barkir\u00ee be. Her \u00e7end ev rast\u00ee be j\u00ee, be\u015fa din a karsaziy\u00ea qezenc \u00fb b\u00eaparkirina mirovan e. L\u00eabel\u00ea, j\u00eerb\u00fbna mirovan a mezin a ku ji h\u00eala gerd\u00fbn\u00ea ve hat\u00ee afirandin heye. Z\u00eerekiya s\u00fbn\u00ee ji bil\u00ee z\u00eadekirina b\u00eatir qazanca endustryal\u00eezm\u00ea ti armancek din p\u00eak nayne. Ev nay\u00ea w\u00ea watey\u00ea ku civak div\u00ea teknolojiy\u00ea bikar neyne. Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, div\u00ea civak teknolojiy\u00ea bikar b\u00eene, l\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee ku bi civatek ekoloj\u00eek re lihevhat\u00ee be. P\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00eeb\u00fbn pir caran wek\u00ee diyardeyek b\u00eaal\u00ee t\u00ea hesibandin. T\u00ea gotin, “Pirsgir\u00eak ne teknolojiya bi xwe ye, l\u00ea \u00eedeolojiya serdest e ku w\u00ea bikar t\u00eene.” Heta Marks j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeftin\u00ean endustryal\u00eezm p\u00ea\u015fwaz\u00ee dikir. L\u00eabel\u00ea, industryal\u00eezm ne ewqas b\u00eaguneh e. Ji aliyek\u00ee ve, ew civak\u00ea \u015fekil dide. Ew avahiya abor\u00ee \u00fb sosyoloj\u00eek a civak\u00ea, \u00fb heta h\u00eaza w\u00ea ya rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee j\u00ee, ava dike \u00fb r\u00eave dibe. Ten\u00ea nirxandina encam\u00ean bajarvaniya t\u00eakildar\u00ee endustryal\u00eezm\u00ea t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftinek t\u00earker dide derbar\u00ea w\u00earankirina ku ji h\u00eala p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ve \u00e7\u00eadibe. Ji ber van sedeman, ji n\u00fb ve p\u00eanasekirina endustryal\u00eezm\u00ea li ser bingehek rexnegir ji bo girtina tedb\u00eer\u00ean p\u00eaw\u00eest gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

C- Netew Dewlet <\/strong><\/p>\n

Netew Dewlet \u015f\u00eaweya her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a kiryara kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ya fetihkirin \u00fb kolon\u00eezekirina civak\u00ea ye. Her \u00e7end l\u00eeberal\u00eezm xwe wek\u00ee tevah\u00eeyek armanc \u00fb ramanan p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike j\u00ee, dewleta netewe wek\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweya bingeh\u00een a desthilatdariy\u00ea watey\u00ea dib\u00eene. Fetihkirin \u00fb kolon\u00eezekirina navxwey\u00ee \u00fb dervey\u00ee ya her\u00ee berfireh ku civak di d\u00eeroka xwe de p\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb maye, b\u00eay\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweya dewleta netewe nay\u00ea bidestxistin. C\u00fbdahiya dewleta netewe di d\u00eerok\u00ea de ev e ku w\u00ea bi bandor hem\u00ee yekdestdar\u00ee di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya xwe de yek kiriye. Dewleta netewe tevah\u00eeya her\u00ee z\u00eade ya sermayey\u00ea ye, \u00fb ew h\u00eaza xwe ji v\u00ea poz\u00eesyon\u00ea digire. Rola w\u00ea wek\u00ee am\u00fbra her\u00ee bibandor a berhevkirina sermayey\u00ea j\u00ee ji v\u00ea poz\u00eesyon\u00ea derdikeve. R\u00eaxistina dewleta netewe \u015f\u00eaweya t\u00eep\u00eek \u00fb rasterast a r\u00eaxistina sermayey\u00ea wek\u00ee dewletek e. Ten\u00ea \u015f\u00eaweya her\u00ee paqij a kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea, ne sosyal\u00eezm, dikare bi dewleta netewe re were organ\u00eezekirin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ne mimk\u00fbn e ku yekrengiya dewleta netewey\u00ee bi veqetandina w\u00ea ji \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean dewlet\u00ea were ravekirin. Ferq nake ku cudab\u00fbna w\u00ea ji \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean ber\u00ea y\u00ean dewlet\u00ea \u00e7iqas\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee be j\u00ee, ya diyarker berhevkirina d\u00eerok\u00ee ya desthilatdariy\u00ea ye. B\u00eay\u00ee komb\u00fbna h\u00eaz\u00ea ku bi hezaran salan wek\u00ee yekdestdariya her\u00ee sof\u00eest\u00eeke hatiye saf\u00eekirin, dewlet bi gi\u015ft\u00ee, \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee j\u00ee dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee, nikarin ava bibin. Dewleta netewey\u00ee ji ya ku bi gelemper\u00ee t\u00ea bawerkirin b\u00eatir bi t\u00eageh\u00ean \u00eelah\u00ee barkir\u00ee ye, \u00fb ji her dem\u00ea din \u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea b\u00eatir bi r\u00ea\u00fbresm\u00ean r\u00eazgirtin\u00ea ve mij\u00fbl e. T\u00eageh\u00ean ku ew li ser ava b\u00fbye \u00fb wek\u00ee w\u00eaneya xwe hildibij\u00eare – ‘welat’, ‘ala’, ‘yek\u00eet\u00ee’, ‘serxweb\u00fbn’, ‘p\u00eeroz\u00ee’, ‘sir\u00fbda netewey\u00ee’, ‘\u00e7\u00eerok\u00ean qehreman\u00ee’ – xwed\u00ee statuyek \u00eelah\u00ee ya bilindtir in ji y\u00ean di pad\u00ee\u015fahiy\u00ean xwedayan de. Tu \u015f\u00eaweyek dewlet\u00ea di avahiy\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek, hiq\u00fbq\u00ee, siyas\u00ee, abor\u00ee \u00fb ol\u00ee de bi qas\u00ee dewleta netewey\u00ee zirx\u00ee neb\u00fbye. Sedema bingeh\u00een a v\u00ea yek\u00ea ev e ku ew wek\u00ee \u00e7avkaniya sereke ya debara burokrasiyek siv\u00eel-le\u015fker\u00ee ya pir mezin xizmet dike. Ji bo burokrasiy\u00ea, dewlet meseleyek jiyan \u00fb mirin\u00ea ye. Her weha t\u00eakiliyek n\u00eaz\u00eek di navbera modern\u00eetey\u00ea, dewleta netewey\u00ee, nemaze ‘yek\u00eet\u00ee’, \u00fb t\u00eageha yek\u00eetiya Xwed\u00ea de heye. \u00c7awa ku di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de hin e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb gel hatine ji hol\u00ea rakirin \u00fb bi e\u015f\u00eer an gel\u00ea serdest re hatine yekkirin, xweday\u00ean wan j\u00ee di nav xweday\u00ea e\u015f\u00eer an gel\u00ea serdest de hatine yekkirin \u00fb yekkirin. Dema ku em li t\u00eageha yek\u00eetiya \u00eelah\u00ee di v\u00ea rastiya sosyoloj\u00eek de din\u00earin, em wateya w\u00ea bi h\u00easan\u00ee fam dikin. Ew kolonyal\u00eezm \u00fb as\u00eem\u00eelasyon\u00ea dihew\u00eene.<\/p>\n

D\u00eeroka yek\u00eetiya dewleta netewey\u00ee pir \u00eelah\u00ee ye. Her \u00e7end b\u00ea\u00e7ekkirina tevah\u00ee ya civaka di bin kontrola w\u00ea de \u00fb veguheztina hem\u00ee monopola \u00e7ekan bo dewleta n\u00fbjen b\u00fb sedema yek\u00eetiy\u00ea j\u00ee, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku di bingeh de qewim\u00ee monopolek mezin a \u00eestismar \u00fb kolonyal\u00eezm\u00ea b\u00fb. Bi p\u00eanasekirina dewleta n\u00fbjen bi nav\u00ea zanistperestiy\u00ea, teor\u00eesyen\u00ean serweriy\u00ea xizmeta her\u00ee gir\u00eeng ji monopola kap\u00eetal\u00eest re kirine. Komb\u00fbna hem\u00ee \u00e7ekan di avahiyek yekane de di bin nav\u00ea “a\u015ft\u00eeya civak\u00ee” de t\u00ea wateya qelskirina h\u00eaza siyas\u00ee ya civak\u00ea heya astek b\u00eahempa di d\u00eerok\u00ea de, \u00fb di encam\u00ea de, ji heb\u00fbna w\u00ea ya abor\u00ee d\u00fbrxistin. Ji ber ku dewlet \u00fb h\u00eaz di dawiy\u00ea de wek\u00ee monopolek tevdigerin, ti nirxek civak\u00ee tune ku ew nikaribin bi h\u00eaza le\u015fker\u00ee ya ewqas komkir\u00ee bi dest bixin. Dewleta netewey\u00ee, wek\u00ee xaleke hevpar ji bo hem\u00fb yekdestdariyan, li ser desteserkirin, fetihkirin \u00fb kolon\u00eezekirina \u00e7anda civak\u00ee ya madd\u00ee hatiye damezrandin; ew di heman dem\u00ea de roleke diyarker di as\u00eem\u00eelekirina \u00e7anda giyan\u00ee de j\u00ee dil\u00eeze. Di bin nav\u00ea \u00e7anda netewey\u00ee de, ew norm\u00ean \u00e7and\u00ee y\u00ean etn\u00ees\u00eeteya serdest an civateke ol\u00ee ferm\u00ee dike, li dij\u00ee hem\u00fb heb\u00fbn\u00ean \u00e7and\u00ee y\u00ean may\u00ee \u015fer dike. Ew dawiya her ol, etn\u00ees\u00eete, e\u015f\u00eer, netewe, ziman \u00fb \u00e7andek ku bi hezaran salan maye, \u00e7i bi zor\u00ea an j\u00ee bi te\u015fw\u00eeq\u00ean madd\u00ee, bi hinceta ku wan “zirardar ji bo yek\u00eetiya netewey\u00ee” dib\u00eene, amade dike. Di d\u00eerok\u00ea de qet ziman, ol, mezheb, e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb qeb\u00eeley\u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb netewe neb\u00fbne qurban\u00ean v\u00ea siyaset\u00ea, an j\u00ee, rasttir, v\u00ea qirkirin\u00ea. Qirkirin\u00ean madd\u00ee, ango tunekirina f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee, li gor\u00ee qirkirin\u00ean giyan\u00ee b\u00eawate ne. Bi hezaran sal nirx\u00ean ziman\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ee y\u00ean saf\u00eekir\u00ee, digel kom\u00ean wan \u00ean c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr, ji bo doza p\u00eeroz a afirandina ‘yek\u00eetiya netewey\u00ee’ bi co\u015fek mezin t\u00eane qurban\u00ee kirin. Dewleta netewey\u00ee bi qas\u00ee ku p\u00eakan e ji bo formasyon\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean piral\u00ee \u00fb cih\u00eareng girt\u00ee ye. Sedema v\u00ea yek\u00ea t\u00ea f\u00eamkirin. Formasyon\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean piral\u00ee \u00fb cih\u00eareng, di nav s\u00eenor\u00ean hey\u00ee de, astengiyek\u00ea li p\u00ea\u015fiya \u00eestismara yekdestdariy\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadikin. Bi xwezay\u00ee, heke civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee bi r\u00eaya formasyonek siyas\u00ee ya c\u00fbda, nemaze demokrat\u00eek, heb\u00fbna xwe bi dest bixe, qada bandora yekdestdaran bi giran\u00ee teng dibe. T\u00eageh\u00ean wek\u00ee nepar\u00e7eb\u00fbna serweriy\u00ea, yekpareb\u00fbna netewey\u00ee \u00fb avahiya yekpare ji bo p\u00ea\u015f\u00eegirtina li parvekirina nirx\u00ean netewey\u00ee bi gel re hatine afirandin. Ev mafdarkirin rolek bingeh\u00een dil\u00eeze, hetta di hilwe\u015fandina \u00e7anda manew\u00ee de j\u00ee. Her \u00e7end piral\u00eezma siyas\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek rej\u00eema her\u00ee guncaw be ji bo azad\u00ee \u00fb wekheviya li ser bingeha cudah\u00eeyan j\u00ee, her kiryarek di v\u00ee al\u00ee de wek\u00ee kiryarek xeternak \u00fb neqan\u00fbn\u00ee t\u00ea xuyang kirin ku ‘tehd\u00eed\u00ea yekpareb\u00fbna netewey\u00ee \u00fb rej\u00eem\u00ea dike’. Dewleta netewey\u00ee, bi nasnameya xwe ya neteweperest a her\u00ee berbi\u00e7av, dibe ku n\u00fbner\u00ea her\u00ee hevkar \u00ea h\u00eaza hegemon\u00eek di d\u00eerok\u00ea de be. Di bin maskeya neteweperestiy\u00ea de, ew hevkar\u00ea her\u00ee dilsoz \u00ea pergala kap\u00eetal\u00eest a c\u00eehan\u00ea ye. Tu saz\u00ee bi qas\u00ee dewleta netewey\u00ee hegemon\u00eek n\u00eene.<\/p>\n

Dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee ne gir\u00eaday\u00ee h\u00eaza hegemon\u00eek, h\u00eaza navend\u00ee ya kap\u00eetal\u00eezma c\u00eehan\u00ea ne \u00fb ne j\u00ee xizmetkar\u00ean w\u00ea ne. Xwezaya wan a \u00eestismarkirin\u00ea ya navxwey\u00ee ji v\u00ea taybetmendiy\u00ea derdikeve. Her ku dewletek netewey\u00ee xwe wek\u00ee neteweperest n\u00ee\u015fan bide, ew qas b\u00eatir xizmet\u00ea ji h\u00eaza hegemon\u00eek a pergala c\u00eehan\u00ea re dike. Hesabkirina dewleta netewey\u00ee – ku h\u00eaza hegemon\u00eek di p\u00eanc sedsalan de bi baldar\u00ee amade kiriye, \u015fekil daye \u00fb s\u00eestemat kiriye – wek\u00ee dewleta her\u00ee neteweperest t\u00ea v\u00ea watey\u00ea ku meriv ji t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean mezin \u00ean h\u00eaza hegemon\u00eek \u00ean pergala c\u00eehana kap\u00eetal\u00eest ti\u015ftek f\u00eam neke. Di hegemonya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek de ku ew dikeve nav civak\u00ea, dewleta netewey\u00ee dudil\u00ee nake ku \u00e7ar form\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00ean bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee \u00fb eklekt\u00eek bikar b\u00eene: neteweperwer\u00ee, zanistperest\u00ee, zayendperest\u00ee \u00fb fundamental\u00eezma ol\u00ee. Ji bo ku yekdestdar\u00ee \u00fb \u00eestismara xwe ya bazirgan\u00ee, p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee, daray\u00ee \u00fb desthilatdariy\u00ea p\u00eak b\u00eene, dewleta netewey\u00ee hem fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea, ku forma her\u00ee tirsnak a zor\u00ea ye, bikar t\u00eene \u00fb hem j\u00ee karan\u00eena hegemon\u00eek a van \u00e7ar \u00eedeolojiy\u00ean eklekt\u00eek ferz dike. B\u00eay\u00ee hegemonya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek, rej\u00eemek fa\u015f\u00eest nikare were domandin.<\/p>\n

4- Modern\u00eeteya Demokrat\u00eek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Me hewl da ku anal\u00eezek n\u00fb \u00fb teoriyek sosyal\u00eest a alternat\u00eef p\u00ea\u015f bixin da ku li ser modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een a ku xizmet\u00ea j\u00ea re dike derbas bibin, \u00fb me j\u00ea re Modern\u00eeteya Demokrat\u00eek got. Nav\u00ea Modern\u00eeteya Demokrat\u00eek real\u00eest e \u00fb dikare bersiva p\u00eadiviy\u00ean civak\u00ea bide. Li \u015f\u00fbna kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea, ku st\u00fbna modern\u00eetey\u00ea ye, me anal\u00eez\u00ean kom\u00een-civak\u00ea, yek\u00eeneya her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a civaka exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee; li \u015f\u00fbna p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00eekirin\u00ea, eko-abor\u00ee; \u00fb li \u015f\u00fbna dewleta netewey\u00ee, neteweya demokrat\u00eek p\u00ea\u015f xistin. Me pergala xwe ya civak\u00ee ya l\u00eebertaryan, ku me ji t\u00eakiliya van s\u00ea war\u00ean anal\u00eez\u00ea afirand, wek\u00ee Modern\u00eeteya Demokrat\u00eek p\u00eanase kir \u00fb d\u00eet ku ew rezonansek civak\u00ee ya gir\u00eeng d\u00eet. Van s\u00ea waran j\u00ee sernav\u00ean wan hene. Be\u015fek gir\u00eeng a komunal\u00eetey\u00ea rizgariya jinan, exlaq \u00fb siyaset e. P\u00eanasekirina tevahiya v\u00ea pergal\u00ea wek\u00ee Modern\u00eeteya Demokrat\u00eek t\u00earker e. Danas\u00een\u00ean Roja Qiyamet\u00ea di olan de ne ten\u00ea ji bo jiyana pi\u015ft\u00ee mirin\u00ea l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de ji bo v\u00ea dinyay\u00ea j\u00ee derbasdar in. Modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest dih\u00eale ku mirovahiy\u00ea apokal\u00eeps\u00ea bicerib\u00eene. Ev dibe ku xetera ku di pirt\u00fbk\u00ean p\u00eeroz de t\u00ea behs kirin be. Sosyal\u00eezm, ku diviyab\u00fb p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee li v\u00ea yek\u00ea bigirta, li \u015f\u00fbna ku p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee l\u00ea bigire, b\u00fb hilgir\u00ea w\u00ea, n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eera cinawir\u00ea modern\u00eetey\u00ea. Yek\u00eetiya Sovyet\u00ea \u00fb \u00c7\u00een m\u00eenak\u00ean her\u00ee zelal \u00ean v\u00ea yek\u00ea ne. P\u00ea\u015feng\u00ean \u00c7\u00een\u00ee mirov\u00ean balk\u00ea\u015f in. Wan hewl da ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea bi hev re bic\u00eeh b\u00eenin. Mimkun e, t\u00ea xeyalkirin, l\u00ea di prat\u00eek\u00ea de, \u00c7\u00een\u00ea sosyal\u00eezm xist xizmeta kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea. Encam xizmetkirina kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea \u00fb dir\u00eajkirina temen\u00ea w\u00ea b\u00fb. \u00cero, kap\u00eetal\u00eezma \u00c7\u00een\u00ee bi Amer\u00eekay\u00ea re di t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena hegemonyay\u00ea de ye. DYA dikare bi tund\u00ee bersiv bide, ku t\u00ea wateya \u015fer\u00ea nukleer\u00ee. Ev apokal\u00eeps e. Bi gotin\u00ean Einstein, “Ger \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea S\u00eayem\u00een bi \u00e7ek\u00ean nukleer\u00ee were kirin, \u00fb heke kesek h\u00een j\u00ee sax bim\u00eene, \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea \u00c7arem\u00een d\u00ea bi kevir \u00fb daran were kirin.” Wisa dixuye ku pergala \u015faristaniya c\u00eehan\u00ea hem\u00ee am\u00fbr\u00ean \u00e7and\u00ee y\u00ean madd\u00ee \u00fb manew\u00ee y\u00ean ku panzdeh hezar sal in wek\u00ee \u00e7areser\u00ee li ser wan disekine, xilas kiriye. \u00cad\u00ee tu cih tune ku bi \u00e7eka \u015fer were fetihkirin \u00fb vegerandin. Her \u00e7end were gotin ku heye j\u00ee, zirara fetihkirina w\u00ea d\u00ea ji feydey\u00ean w\u00ea pir z\u00eadetir be. \u00c7iqas civak di c\u00eehaneke virtual a ku ji aliy\u00ea yekdestdar\u00ean medyay\u00ea ve t\u00ea kontrolkirin de pas\u00eef, b\u00eahi\u015f \u00fb b\u00eazar be j\u00ee, \u00fb \u00e7iqas bi tevah\u00ee ji aliy\u00ea am\u00fbr\u00ean desthilatdariy\u00ea ve were kontrolkirin \u00fb \u015fopandin j\u00ee, \u015faristaniya c\u00eehan\u00ea \u00fb s\u00eestema modern\u00eetey\u00ea, bi gelemper\u00ee panzdeh hezar sal\u00ee \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee p\u00eancsed sal\u00ee, di xala xwe ya her\u00ee nizm a kr\u00eeza der\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb avah\u00eesaziy\u00ea de ye. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezma daray\u00ee, ku b\u00fbye h\u00eazek gerd\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb hegemon\u00eek, del\u00eela her\u00ee zelal a v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye. C\u00eehana ku teker\u00ean w\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezma daray\u00ee ve t\u00eane zivirandin, c\u00eehanek e ku di kr\u00eez\u00ea de diqeli\u015fe. \u00c7awa ku modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, wek\u00ee serdema hegemon\u00eek a kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea, wek\u00ee n\u00ee\u015faneya b\u00eahempa ya p\u00eanc sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee y\u00ean \u015faristaniya klas\u00eek t\u00ea hesibandin, div\u00ea modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek wek\u00ee n\u00ee\u015faneya b\u00eahempa ya p\u00eanc sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee y\u00ean \u015faristaniya demokrat\u00eek were hesibandin.<\/p>\n

Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek di her qad \u00fb dem\u00ea de ku tor\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest l\u00ea hene wek\u00ee qutba dijber heye. Serkeft\u00ee an neserkeft\u00ee, azad\u00ee an kolet\u00ee, wekhev\u00ee an c\u00fbdah\u00ee, d\u00fbr ji wekheviy\u00ea an n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee wekheviy\u00ea, ekoloj\u00eek \u00fb fem\u00een\u00eest, watedar an ne watedar, bi kurtas\u00ee, n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee an d\u00fbr\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee y\u00ean civak\u00ea, modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek di hemb\u00eaza modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de di her dem \u00fb li her cih\u00ee de heye. Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek, di dual\u00eeteya xwe de, ji dema \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbna \u015faristaniya ferm\u00ee ve li her der\u00ea \u00fb di her dem\u00ea de heb\u00fbye. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku em hewl didin bikin ev e ku em v\u00ea \u015f\u00eaweya \u015faristaniy\u00ea, v\u00ea \u015faristaniya demokrat\u00eek a neferm\u00ee, ku li her cih \u00fb dem\u00ea \u015faristaniya ferm\u00ee heye, nirxa ku heq dike bidin\u00ea \u00fb di aliy\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean sereke de ravekirin\u00ean berbi\u00e7av p\u00ea\u015fve bibin. Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek xwed\u00ee taybetmendiya pergalek e ku r\u00eaya rewa ya guhertin\u00ea vekir\u00ee dih\u00eale. Nirxa w\u00ea ya exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya bilind bi v\u00ea esl\u00ea s\u00eestem\u00eek ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Her \u00e7end r\u00eaya rewa ya guhertin\u00ea pir gir\u00eeng be j\u00ee, ew h\u00easan e. Her endamek civak\u00ea, li her der\u00ea \u00fb her dem\u00ea, dikare be\u015fdar\u00ee v\u00ea guhertin\u00ea bibe. Endamek ku di civakek e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee de dij\u00ee \u00fb endamek ku li Moskow an New York\u00ea dij\u00ee xwed\u00ee potansiyela ku di her k\u00ealiy\u00ea de be\u015fdar\u00ee guhertin\u00ea bibin. Ev ne hewcey\u00ee kiryar\u00ean qehreman\u00ee y\u00ean wek\u00ee vegotin\u00ean p\u00eeroz \u00ean mezin e. Ten\u00ea \u015fert ew e ku kapas\u00eeteya raman \u00fb tevger\u00ean exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee wek\u00ee aliyek bingeh\u00een a xwezaya civak\u00ee were n\u00ee\u015fandan; ku ev kapas\u00eete, fez\u00eelet \u00fb karakter\u00ea exlaq\u00ee, ku em pi\u015ftrast in ku her\u00ee k\u00eam di her takekes\u00ee de heye, fonksiyonel be. Vegotin\u00ean mezin \u00fb p\u00eeroz \u00ean ku di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de derketine hol\u00ea \u00fb di b\u00eera kolekt\u00eef a mirovahiy\u00ea de hatine bic\u00eeh kirin da ku r\u00eaya guhertina rewa ron\u00ee bikin ne b\u00eawate ne. Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, ev vegotin roleke gir\u00eeng dil\u00eezin ji ber ku r\u00eaya guhertina rewa ji aliy\u00ea yekdestdariy\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb mad\u00ee ve t\u00ea astengkirin. Bi heman away\u00ee, kiryar\u00ean qehremaniy\u00ea li ser r\u00eaya azadiy\u00ea xwed\u00ee nirxek p\u00eeroz a b\u00eahempa ne. Ya gir\u00eeng ew e ku meriv f\u00eam bike ku di modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de, guhertin b\u00eay\u00ee hewldan\u00ean hol\u00eest\u00eek \u00ean civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee nay\u00ea bidestxistin. Rola kes \u00fb r\u00eaxistin\u00ean gir\u00eeng nay\u00ea \u00eenkarkirin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, div\u00ea tevna exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya civak\u00ea di van vegotinan de bic\u00eeh bibe.<\/p>\n

Heta ku bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean rewa ney\u00ea bidestxistin, ev rol d\u00ea pir watedar nebe. Guhertin wek\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweyek p\u00ea\u015fkeftina civak\u00ee ku bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean rewa \u00e7\u00eanabe \u00fb ne di nav tevna exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee de be, div\u00ea wek\u00ee be\u015fek xwezay\u00ee ya xwezaya civak\u00ee ney\u00ea hesibandin. Civak nay\u00ean afirandin, ew t\u00eane jiy\u00een. Di navbera jiyanan de ferqek heye. \u00c7awa ku jiyan\u00ean ku bi awayek\u00ee azadtir, wekhevtir \u00fb demokrat\u00eektir t\u00eane jiy\u00een hene, her weha jiyan\u00ean ku di bin koletiya b\u00eahnfireh, newekhev\u00ee \u00fb d\u00eektatoriy\u00ea de j\u00ee t\u00eane jiy\u00een hene – dibe ku h\u00een b\u00eatir. Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek, di bin van mercan de, hi\u015fmend\u00ee \u00fb avahiya ji bo ku jiyan bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean guncaw azadtir, wekhevtir \u00fb demokrat\u00eektir bibe \u00eefade dike. Bi ronahiya ders\u00ean ku em dikarin ji t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean ji bo azadiya demokrat\u00eek \u00fb wekheviy\u00ea y\u00ean ku di p\u00eanc sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee de hatine jiy\u00een f\u00ear bibin, gengaz e ku modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek bi ji n\u00fb ve avakirin\u00ean bih\u00eaz di serdema kr\u00eeza s\u00eestem\u00eek \u00fb avah\u00eesaziy\u00ea de ku em niha di bin hegemonya kap\u00eetal\u00eezma daray\u00ee ya gerd\u00fbn\u00ee de dij\u00een, xurtkirin \u00fb n\u00fbkirina modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek gengaz e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, balki\u015fandina ser aliy\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek \u00fb ron\u00eekirina xwe di derbar\u00ea wan de d\u00ea hewldan\u00ean me di v\u00ee al\u00ee de serket\u00eetir bike.<\/p>\n

A- Civaka Komunal a Demokrat\u00eek (Civaka Exlaq\u00ee \u00fb Siyas\u00ee)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Civaka komunal a demokrat\u00eek di bingeh de civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye. Civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee bi bingeh\u00een bi qenc\u00ee, bextewar\u00ee, rast\u00ee \u00fb bedewiy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye, \u00fb ji aliyek\u00ee ve j\u00ee bi azad\u00ee, wekhev\u00ee \u00fb demokrasiy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Ba\u015f\u00ee \u00fb bextewar\u00ee bingeha exlaq\u00ea ne. Rast\u00ee bi rastiy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Li dervey\u00ee civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee l\u00eager\u00eena rastiy\u00ea b\u00eawate ye. Kes\u00ea ku ne exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee be nikare rastiy\u00ea bib\u00eene. Ji aliy\u00ea din ve, bedew\u00ee armanca estet\u00eek\u00ea ye. Xwe\u015fik\u00ee li dervey\u00ee civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee wek\u00ee bedew\u00ee nay\u00ea hesibandin. Xwe\u015fik\u00ee exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye. Tu civak xwed\u00ee h\u00eaza hilber\u00een \u00fb dab\u00eenkirina azad\u00ee, wekhev\u00ee \u00fb demokrasiy\u00ea bi qas\u00ee civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee n\u00eene. Di tu civak\u00ea de exlaq \u00fb siyaset bi tevah\u00ee nay\u00ean rakirin, l\u00ea fonksiyon\u00ean wan dikarin pir teng bibin. Di modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de, di bin serdestiya dewleta netewey\u00ee de, exlaq \u00fb siyaset hatine k\u00eamkirin, heta ku hema hema ji hol\u00ea hatine rakirin. Di modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de, guhertin di bin nav\u00ea homojenkirin\u00ea de bi armanca afirandina \u00e7andek yekreng \u00fb \u00e7andina welatiyan, bi dubendiyek em-y\u00ean din ve hatiye tengkirin. W\u00eaneyek\u00ee reng\u00een t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin, xuya ye ku civaka n\u00fbjen guher\u00eenek b\u00eadaw\u00ee dij\u00ee. Ev bi tevah\u00ee ji h\u00eala medyay\u00ea ve t\u00ea r\u00eavebirin \u00fb ji w\u00eaneyek\u00ee propaganday\u00ea w\u00eadetir na\u00e7e. Civaka demokrat\u00eek, rew\u015fa hemdem a civaka exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee, ew civak e ku pirrengiy\u00ea bi tevah\u00ee dij\u00ee. Di civakek demokrat\u00eek de, b\u00eay\u00ee ku mehk\u00fbm\u00ee \u00e7and \u00fb hemwelat\u00eeb\u00fbnek yekane bibe, her komeke civak\u00ee dikare li ser bingeha c\u00fbdahiy\u00ean ku li dora \u00e7and \u00fb nasnameya xwe hatine \u00e7\u00eakirin bij\u00ee. Civak dikarin potansiyela xwe, ji c\u00fbdahiya nasnamey\u00ea bigire heya c\u00fbdahiya siyas\u00ee, derx\u00eenin hol\u00ea \u00fb veguher\u00eenin jiyanek \u00e7alak. Tu civak ji homojenb\u00fbn\u00ea natirse. Yekreng\u00ee wek\u00ee kir\u00eat\u00ee, b\u00eazar\u00ee \u00fb xizan\u00ee t\u00ea d\u00eetin. Ji h\u00eala din ve, pirreng\u00ee dewlemend\u00ee, tolerans \u00fb bedewiy\u00ea di hundur\u00ea xwe de hildigire. Di bin van mercan de, wekhev\u00ee \u00fb azad\u00ee bi h\u00easan\u00ee t\u00eane bidestxistin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, wekhev\u00ee \u00fb azadiya li ser bingeha c\u00fbdahiy\u00ea bi q\u00eemet in.<\/p>\n

Bi rast\u00ee, azad\u00ee \u00fb wekheviya ku ji h\u00eala dewleta netewey\u00ee ve t\u00ea peyda kirin, wek\u00ee ku di hem\u00ee ezm\u00fbn\u00ean li \u00e7araliy\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea de \u00eespat kiriye, ten\u00ea ji bo yekdestdariyan e. Yekdestdariya h\u00eaz \u00fb sermayey\u00ea azad\u00ee \u00fb wekheviya rast\u00een nade. Azad\u00ee \u00fb wekhev\u00ee ten\u00ea bi \u015f\u00eawaza siyas\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek a civakek demokrat\u00eek dikare were bidestxistin \u00fb bi parastina xwe were parastin. Ten\u00ea nirxa ku her kes \u00fb kom nikare taw\u00eez\u00ea bide, israrkirina li ser may\u00eena civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye. Ten\u00ea \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean t\u00ear \u00fb bes ji bo cudah\u00ee, wekhev\u00ee \u00fb azadiy\u00ea, civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye. Civaka demokrat\u00eek xwe wek\u00ee forma n\u00fbjen a v\u00ea civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee z\u00eadetir \u00eespat dike. Di bin \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de, civaka exlaq\u00ee rew\u015fa xwe ya her\u00ee s\u00eenordar, b\u00eafonksiyon \u00fb kevnar di d\u00eeroka xwe de dij\u00ee. Wek\u00ee din, bi awayek\u00ee ku ber\u00ea di d\u00eerok\u00ea de nehatiye d\u00eetin, kod\u00ean qan\u00fbn\u00ee \u015f\u00fbna qa\u00eedey\u00ean exlaq\u00ee digirin. Burjuvaz\u00ee, wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00eenek, exlaq\u00ea kevnar dike \u00fb serdestiya xwe ya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee li ser civak\u00ea ferz dike bi kodkirina w\u00ea heta h\u00fbrguliy\u00ean her\u00ee pi\u00e7\u00fbk di bin maskeya qan\u00fbn\u00ea de. Civatek qan\u00fbn\u00ee \u015f\u00fbna civatek exlaq\u00ee digire. Li vir em bi guher\u00eenek pir gir\u00eeng re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ne. Hewldan\u00ean qan\u00fbn\u00eekirin\u00ea di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de t\u00eane d\u00eetin. L\u00ea qan\u00fbn qet bi qas\u00ee ku di modern\u00eeteya burjuva de bi h\u00fbrguliyan ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee neb\u00fbye. Bi rast\u00ee, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku di bin nav\u00ea qan\u00fbn\u00ea de t\u00ea bidestxistin yekdestdariya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ye; ev t\u00ea wateya afirandina yekdestdariya qan\u00fbn\u00ee. Ne mimk\u00fbn e ku xwezayek pir tevlihev wek\u00ee civak\u00ea ten\u00ea bi r\u00eaya qan\u00fbn\u00ea were r\u00eavebirin. Qan\u00fbn di civak\u00ea de cihek heye, bi \u015fert\u00ea ku ew dadperwer be; di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, qan\u00fbn ne\u00e7ar e. L\u00eabel\u00ea, qan\u00fbna ku ji h\u00eala dewlet\u00ea ve di bin nav\u00ea qan\u00fbna poz\u00eet\u00eef de li ser civak\u00ea t\u00ea ferzkirin ne ten\u00ea qan\u00fbn e, l\u00ea bel\u00ea yekdestdariya \u00e7\u00eena serdest \u00fb netewey\u00ea ye ku di nav qan\u00fbn\u00ea de, \u00e7\u00eakirina qa\u00eedey\u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee de cih digire. Di \u00e7av\u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee ya n\u00fbjen de, civaka siyas\u00ee gef\u00ea li heb\u00fbn, yek\u00eet\u00ee \u00fb yekpareb\u00fbna w\u00ea dike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, r\u00eaveberiya dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb burokras\u00ee, ku ne ten\u00ea h\u00eamana siyas\u00ee – bingeha heb\u00fbna civak\u00ea – teng dike l\u00ea bi bandor w\u00ea b\u00eak\u00ear dike, ne ten\u00ea m\u00eena \u015f\u00fbr\u00ea Demokles li ser civak\u00ea daliqand\u00ee ye, l\u00ea bi berdewam\u00ee w\u00ea qut dike. Ev rast\u00ee pirsgir\u00eaka her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a felsefeya me ya siyas\u00ee ya hemdem e, \u00fb di prat\u00eek\u00ea de, fa\u015f\u00eezm astengiya her\u00ee mezin a jiyan\u00ea ye. Werin em v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi zelal\u00ee bib\u00eajin: Hitler bi xwe t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fb, l\u00ea pergala w\u00ee bi ser ket. Dewleta netewey\u00ee, di wateya jihol\u00earakirina civaka siyas\u00ee de, bi fa\u015f\u00eezma Hitler re hevwate ye. Her \u00e7end Hitler dibe ku ne yekem kes be ku v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi ten\u00ea bi dest xistibe j\u00ee, ew b\u00fb ku bi ferm\u00ee ew \u00eelan kir \u00fb pi\u015ftgir\u00ee kir. Civakek b\u00ea prens\u00eeb\u00ean siyas\u00ee, ya ku naxebite an j\u00ee hatiye jihol\u00earakirin, cesed e; di rew\u015fa her\u00ee ba\u015f de, ew dikare wek\u00ee civatek kolonyal were binavkirin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, fonksiyona ku civatek demokrat\u00eek dide prens\u00eeb\u00ean siyas\u00ee gir\u00eengiyek gir\u00eeng heye. Ew del\u00eela her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a serdestiya w\u00ea wek\u00ee s\u00eestemek e. D\u00eeroka \u015faristaniy\u00ea, bi awayek\u00ee, d\u00eeroka tengkirin \u00fb b\u00eafonksiyonkirina civaka siyas\u00ee ye. \u00c7\u00eenkirina civak\u00ea di nav \u00e7\u00eenan de ten\u00ea bi r\u00eaya tepeserkirina t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena siyas\u00ee ya dijwar a li berjewendiya dewlet\u00ea gengaz b\u00fbye. Div\u00ea ev xal bi baldar\u00ee were nirxandin. Marks\u00eest, ku bi berfireh\u00ee bi pirsgir\u00eaka t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00eenan re mij\u00fbl b\u00fbne, v\u00ea yek\u00ea dizanin.<\/p>\n

Ew di diyarkirina rast a cewhera \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00eenan de bi ser neketin. Ew nekar\u00eene xwe ji d\u00eetina \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00eenan wek\u00ee fez\u00eelet \u00fb h\u00eazek ajotin\u00ea ya \u015faristaniy\u00ea d\u00fbr bigirin. Wan \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00eenan wek\u00ee qonaxek p\u00eaw\u00eest a d\u00eerok\u00ea, t\u00eakiliyek pira, p\u00eadiviyek materyal\u00eezma d\u00eerok\u00ee hesibandine. Di anal\u00eeza me ya \u015faristaniy\u00ea de, me \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00eenan wek\u00ee tengkirin \u00fb neserkeftina civaka siyas\u00ee \u00fb exlaq\u00ee nirxandiye; me tekez kiriye ku her ku \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00eenan p\u00ea\u015f dikeve, civak her ku di\u00e7e dikeve bin hegemonyaya desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ea. D\u00eerok, di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, bi t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ya dijwar hatiye n\u00ee\u015fankirin. L\u00ea bel\u00ea p\u00eakan\u00eena \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00eenan, ji p\u00ea\u015fketin an p\u00ea\u015fkeftin\u00ea d\u00fbr e, berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, pa\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn \u00fb daketinek civak\u00ee ye. Ew p\u00ea\u015fkeftinek exlaq\u00ee ya xirab e, ne ba\u015f e. \u00cediakirina ku \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00eenan qonaxek ne\u00e7ar e ji bo p\u00ea\u015fkeftin\u00ea, nemaze ku v\u00ea yek\u00ea wek\u00ee daxuyaniyek Marks\u00eest p\u00eanase bike, xeletiyek cid\u00ee ye ku di t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena azadiy\u00ea de hatiye kirin. Taybetmendiya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng a civaka siyas\u00ee berxwedana w\u00ea ya domdar a li hember \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00eenan e. Civaka ku her\u00ee k\u00eam \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbne, civaka her\u00ee ba\u015f e. T\u00eako\u015f\u00eena siyas\u00ee ten\u00ea dikare bi netesn\u00eefkirina civaka xwe \u00fb bi v\u00ee away\u00ee bi nexistina xwe di bin zexta yekal\u00ee ya desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb am\u00fbr\u00ean dewlet\u00ea de serkeftina xwe \u00eespat bike.<\/p>\n

Di civak\u00ean ku zexta desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ea heta radeya ku heta st\u00fby\u00ea wan k\u00fbr dibe de dij\u00een, behsa t\u00eako\u015f\u00eeneke siyas\u00ee ya serket\u00ee kirin xeletiyek cid\u00ee ye. Civaka siyas\u00ee ya \u00eedeal an ew e ku xwe bi tevah\u00ee ji desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb zexta dewlet\u00ea ya navxwey\u00ee\/derve d\u00fbr bixe, an j\u00ee pi\u015ft\u00ee t\u00eako\u015f\u00eeneke dijwar bi dewlet \u00fb desthilatdariy\u00ea re li ser bingeha raz\u00eeb\u00fbna hevbe\u015f lihevkirinek\u00ea bike, desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ea li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea nas bike. Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek ten\u00ea r\u00eaya bidestxistina azadiy\u00ea ye heya ku civak were parastin. Civakek ku xwe ji takekes\u00eetiy\u00ea, dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb yekdestdariyan bi r\u00eaya siyaseta demokrat\u00eek dipar\u00eaze, bi fonksiyonalkirina tevna xwe ya siyas\u00ee xwe vediguher\u00eene civakeke demokrat\u00eek a modern. Civakeke demokrat\u00eek a modern, wek\u00ee civakek ku li ser hem\u00ee mijar\u00ean civak\u00ee difikire, diaxive \u00fb biryar\u00ea li ser wan dide \u00fb d\u00fbv re li gor\u00ee w\u00ea tevdigere, bi p\u00eakan\u00eena c\u00fbdah\u00ee, pir\u00e7and\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00fb wekheviy\u00ea li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea serdestiya xwe \u00eespat dike. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek ne ten\u00ea t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee li ser bingeha rast dime\u015f\u00eene; Di heman dem\u00ea de, ew bi afirandina h\u00eazek an dewletek n\u00fb \u00fb bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee bi xeniqandina civaka xwe nakeve nav xeletiya traj\u00eek a d\u00eerok\u00ee ya sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een; ew nakeve v\u00ea xefika d\u00eerok\u00ee. Ew haydar e ku her ku ew bih\u00eaztir \u00fb dewletpar\u00eaztir dibe, dabe\u015fb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ewqas p\u00ea\u015f dikeve, \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee winda dibe. Div\u00ea ev hi\u015fmend\u00ee wek\u00ee yek ji taybetmendiy\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek were destn\u00ee\u015fankirin. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftinek takekes\u00ee ku civak\u00ea \u00eenkar dike pirsgir\u00eak e. Ew t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftinek xeyal\u00ee ya azadiy\u00ea li ser bingeha takekes\u00ee diafir\u00eene. L\u00eabel\u00ea, li dervey\u00ee civak\u00ea takekesek tune. Takekes ten\u00ea dikare bi riya civak\u00ea hebe. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveyek ku civak t\u00ea \u00eenkarkirin, bila azadiya takekes\u00ee nebe, heta nasnameya takekes\u00ee j\u00ee nay\u00ea n\u00eeqa\u015f kirin. Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, komun karakter\u00ea avah\u00eesaziy\u00ea y\u00ea civak\u00ea ye. Komun away\u00ea heb\u00fbna civak\u00ea ye; ew \u015faneya w\u00ea ya kok\u00ea ye. Komun bi xwezay\u00ee azad\u00ee \u00fb wekheviy\u00ea dihew\u00eene, \u00fb her weha xwedan karakterek demokrat\u00eek e. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm armanc dike ku demokrasiy\u00ea xera bike \u00fb w\u00ea bike am\u00fbrek dij-civak\u00ee. Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, komun bi riya demokrasiy\u00ea dij\u00ee. Civaka demokrat\u00eek armanc dike ku prens\u00eeb\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb taybetmendiy\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean dayiksalar\u00ee y\u00ean ku ji e\u015f\u00eer\u00ea heta roja \u00eero heb\u00fbne ji n\u00fb ve ava bike. Ger komun \u015faneya bingeh\u00een a civak\u00ea be, w\u00ea hing\u00ea ji bo domandina heb\u00fbna civak\u00ee ya \u00eero, div\u00ea ev \u015faneya bingeh\u00een ji n\u00fb ve were \u00e7alak kirin. Civaka demokrat\u00eek bi bingeh\u00een li ser xwer\u00eaveber\u00ee \u00fb xweparastin\u00ea ye. Komunal\u00eezm nav\u00ea pergala civak\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek e ku c\u00fbdahiyan dihew\u00eene \u00fb dabe\u015fb\u00fbn\u00ean li ser bingeha bawer\u00ee an etn\u00ees\u00eetey\u00ea terc\u00eeh nake. Sosyal\u00eezm b\u00eay\u00ee demokrasiy\u00ea nabe. Civaka ku sosyal\u00eezm armanc dike civakek wekhev \u00fb azad e. Civakek wekhev \u00fb azad t\u00ea v\u00ea watey\u00ea ku mirov\u00ean ku bi keda xwe debara xwe dikin, bi keda xwe xwe bir\u00eave dibin. Div\u00ea komun ji destp\u00eak\u00ea ve demokrat\u00eek be. Demokras\u00ee pi\u015ft\u00ee girtina hik\u00fbmet\u00ea nay\u00ea avakirin. Bi rast\u00ee, “demo” t\u00ea wateya gel \u00fb “krasi” t\u00ea wateya hik\u00fbmet\u00ea. Ji ber ku r\u00eaveberiya gel ten\u00ea di \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean wekhev \u00fb azad de mimkun e, sosyal\u00eezm b\u00eay\u00ee demokrasiy\u00ea nikare hebe. Ger li c\u00eehek demokras\u00ee tune be, ol\u00eegar\u015fiyek kap\u00eetal\u00eest d\u00ea b\u00ea guman p\u00ea\u015f bikeve. Ev ti\u015ft\u00ea ku li R\u00fbsya \u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ea qewim\u00ee ye. Ya ku j\u00ea re “demokrasiya l\u00eeberal” t\u00ea gotin maskeyek tevah\u00ee ye. Ol\u00eegar\u015fiya kap\u00eetal\u00eest ti eleqeya w\u00ea bi demokrasiy\u00ea re tune ye. Li cih\u00ea ku kom\u00fbn hebe, demokras\u00ee heye, r\u00eaveberiya demokrat\u00eek heye. Ev demokrasiya komunal e. Dema ku li seranser\u00ea wel\u00eat be, dibe neteweyek demokrat\u00eek. Dema ku yek\u00eeneyek be, dibe demokrasiya komunal, dibe sosyal\u00eezm. Neteweyek demokrat\u00eek j\u00ee dikare wek\u00ee neteweyek sosyal\u00eest were binavkirin, ti zirara w\u00ea tune. Gel civakek netewey\u00ee ye, netewe sosyal\u00eest e, dikare wek\u00ee neteweyek demokrat\u00eek j\u00ee were \u00eefade kirin. Hem\u00fb feydey\u00ean demokrasiy\u00ea ji kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea re t\u00eane vegotin. Ev xelet\u00ee \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eekatiyek pir xeternak e. Len\u00een ket nav xefika “d\u00eektatoriya proletaryay\u00ea”. Burjuvaz\u00ee jixwe \u00e7\u00eenek nezelal, nezelal e ku s\u00eenor\u00ean w\u00ea ne zelal in. Stal\u00een, ji ber v\u00ea teoriy\u00ea, got, bi m\u00eelyonan cotkar komkuj\u00ee kirib\u00fb \u00fb digot, “Em paqij dikin, em \u00e7\u00een\u00ea paqij dikin.” D\u00eetina komkujiya \u00e7\u00eena cotkar\u00ean dewlemend, ku bi r\u00fbs\u00ee j\u00ea re ‘kulak’ t\u00ea gotin, wek\u00ee t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ne sosyal\u00eezm e. V\u00ea teoriya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee j\u00ee me vegirtiye, \u00fb peyva “xay\u00een di nav \u00e7\u00een\u00ea de” hatiye bikar an\u00een. Ev t\u00eageh\u00ean pir xeternak \u00fb nezelal in ku bi esl\u00ea sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea re ne lihevhat\u00ee ne.<\/p>\n

Div\u00ea b\u00eahempab\u00fbna h\u00eaman\u00ean ku komun\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eenin were parastin, l\u00ea div\u00ea c\u00fbdahiy\u00ean z\u00eade di ast\u00ea de nebin. Ji bo ku komun bi tevah\u00ee were damezrandin, div\u00ea ev c\u00fbdahiya ast\u00ea were rakirin. Dema ku newekhev\u00ee hebe, jiyana azad, refah \u00fb a\u015ft\u00ee tune. Komun\u00eestb\u00fbn j\u00ee v\u00ea n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ea hewce dike. Ger h\u00fbn nekarin komunek ava bikin, h\u00fbn nekarin hik\u00fbmetek demokrat\u00eek ava bikin. \u00c7areseriy\u00ean pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee dikarin bi r\u00eaya komunal\u00eezm\u00ea werin hilberandin. Xwer\u00eaveber\u00ee, komek we\u015fan\u00ea, yek\u00eeneyek tax\u00ea dikare hebe; ya gir\u00eeng li vir fonksiyonel e. Div\u00ea hem\u00ee xebata civak\u00ee bi komun\u00ea dest p\u00ea bike. Div\u00ea her ti\u015ft di komun\u00ea de were n\u00eeqa\u015f kirin, plansaz kirin \u00fb prat\u00eek kirin. Eger em bib\u00eenin ku heta hik\u00fbmeta hey\u00ee j\u00ee bi modelek r\u00eaxistin\u00ee ya komunal hatiye organ\u00eezekirin, gir\u00eeng\u00ee \u00fb zind\u00eetiya r\u00eaxistina komunal d\u00ea \u00e7\u00eatir were f\u00eamkirin.<\/p>\n

B- Civaka Eko-Endustryel<\/strong><\/p>\n

Al\u00eementa abor\u00ee \u00fb endustryal a modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek li ser ekolojiy\u00ea ye. T\u00eageha ‘aboriya kap\u00eetal\u00eest’ l\u00eestikek propaganday\u00ea \u00fb xeletiyek e. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ne celebek aboriy\u00ea ye; ew dijmin\u00ea mirin\u00ea y\u00ea aboriy\u00ea ye. Bi gelemper\u00ee, yekdestdariy\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ea, \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee yekdestdariy\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest (\u00e7andin\u00ee, bazirgan\u00ee, daray\u00ee, h\u00eaz \u00fb am\u00fbr\u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee), di tevahiya d\u00eerok\u00ea de faktor\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean hem\u00ee xirab\u00fbn\u00ean abor\u00ee, qeyran, pirsgir\u00eak, bir\u00e7\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00fb xizan\u00ee \u00fb karesat\u00ean j\u00eengeh\u00ea b\u00fbne. Li ser v\u00ea faktora bingeh\u00een, her c\u00fbre dabe\u015fb\u00fbn\u00ean \u00e7\u00een\u00ee y\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee, h\u00eaz, bajarvaniya z\u00eade \u00fb hem\u00ee nexwe\u015fiy\u00ean ku ji w\u00ea derdikevin, xirab\u00fbn\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00ean ku her c\u00fbre dogmay\u00ean ol\u00ee, metafiz\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb zanist\u00ee dihew\u00eenin, neba\u015f\u00ee, nemaze xirab\u00fbna huner\u00ea, \u00fb xerabiy\u00ean wek\u00ee xizan\u00ee \u00fb gendeliya exlaq\u00ee derdikevin hol\u00ea. P\u00eanc sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee y\u00ean modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest b\u00eahejmar m\u00eenak\u00ean van \u00e7avd\u00eariyan p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dikin. Di modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de, abor\u00ee wateya xwe ya rast\u00een bi dest dixe. Ew hem nirx\u00ean karan\u00een\u00ea wek\u00ee p\u00eadiviy\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean qata j\u00ear\u00een, \u015fiyana wan a bic\u00eehan\u00eena p\u00eadiviy\u00ean her\u00ee gir\u00eeng, \u00fb hem j\u00ee nirxa dan\u00fbstandin\u00ea wek\u00ee aboriyek bazar\u00ea ya rast\u00een, avahiyek s\u00eestemat\u00eek a watedar ku r\u00eajey\u00ean dan\u00fbstandina kel\u00fbpelan bi hev re e\u015fkere dike, \u00eefade dike. Di modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de, abor\u00ee \u00ead\u00ee ne qadeke ku hesab\u00ean qezenc\u00ea l\u00ea t\u00eane kirin e. Diyar dibe ku \u00e7awa \u00fb bi \u00e7i r\u00eabazan p\u00eadiviy\u00ean bingeh\u00een dikarin bi bandortir\u00een away\u00ee b\u00eay\u00ee ku bibin sedema dabe\u015fb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00een\u00ee \u00fb b\u00eay\u00ee ku zirar\u00ea bidin ekolojiy\u00ea werin bic\u00eehan\u00een.<\/p>\n

Abor\u00ee, wek\u00ee qadek \u00e7alakiya civak\u00ee, wateya xwe ya rast\u00een bi dest dixe. Ew wek\u00ee forma bingeh\u00een a \u00e7alakiy\u00ea ku civaka exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee d\u00ea hem p\u00ea\u015f bikeve \u00fb hem j\u00ee were p\u00ea\u015fxistin, wate bi dest dixe. Di aliy\u00ea abor\u00ee y\u00ea modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de, yekpareb\u00fbna p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee \u00fb ekoloj\u00eek a nirx\u00ean karan\u00een \u00fb dan\u00fbstandin\u00ea pir gir\u00eeng e. P\u00ee\u015fesaziya ku digih\u00eeje s\u00eenor\u00ea ekoloj\u00eek \u00fb s\u00eenor\u00ea ku p\u00eadiviy\u00ean bingeh\u00een l\u00ea t\u00eane bic\u00eehan\u00een, nikare ji van her du s\u00eenoran derbas bibe. P\u00ee\u015fesaziya ku d\u00ea di v\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea de derkeve hol\u00ea eko-p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee ye. B\u00eakar\u00ee bi tevah\u00ee encama xirab\u00fbna avahiya abor\u00ee ya ber bi qezenc\u00ea ve ye. Di aliy\u00ea abor\u00ee y\u00ea modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de cih ji bo v\u00ea xirab\u00fbn\u00ea tune. Guhertina ji t\u00eakiliy\u00ean hevdu xurtker \u00ean di navbera bajar \u00fb gund, \u00e7andin\u00ee, p\u00ee\u015fekar\u00ee \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea de, ber bi t\u00eakiliy\u00ean hevdu w\u00earanker ve, encamek din a giran a qan\u00fbna qezenca her\u00ee z\u00eade ye. Di demek\u00ea de ku civak\u00ean gundewar\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7andin\u00ee gih\u00ee\u015ftine ber hilwe\u015f\u00een\u00ea, civak\u00ean bajar\u00ee \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ketine qonaxek mezinb\u00fbna pence\u015f\u00ear\u00ea. Ne ten\u00ea abor\u00ee, l\u00ea civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee bi xwe j\u00ee bi hilwe\u015f\u00een\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ye. Ev xirab\u00fbna aboriy\u00ea ya li ser bingeha qan\u00fbna qezenca her\u00ee z\u00eade, \u00e7\u00eenb\u00fbn \u00fb pev\u00e7\u00fbna siyas\u00ee bi xwe re aniye; ew b\u00fbye sedema her c\u00fbre \u015fer\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee, netewey\u00ee \u00fb navnetewey\u00ee. Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek aboriy\u00ea ji van meyl\u00ean dijber rizgar dike. Ew xwediy\u00ea pergalek e ku b\u00eakar\u00ee \u00fb xizaniy\u00ea di \u015f\u00eawaza jiyana xwe de nas nake, dest\u00fbr\u00ea nade hilber\u00eena z\u00eade an k\u00eam, c\u00fbdahiy\u00ean di navbera welat \u00fb her\u00eam\u00ean k\u00eam p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee \u00fb z\u00eade p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee de k\u00eam dike, \u00fb pev\u00e7\u00fbna gund-bajar\u00ee vediguher\u00eene t\u00eakiliy\u00ean hevdu xurtker. S\u00eestema modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek nah\u00eale ku p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee \u00fb bajarvan\u00ee ne ten\u00ea sektor\u00ean gundewar\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7andiniy\u00ea, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de sektor\u00ean bajar\u00ee \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea y\u00ean bi rast\u00ee j\u00eeyanbar j\u00ee daqurt\u00eene. Mekan\u00eezma v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee hol\u00eest\u00eek di p\u00eevan\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de t\u00ea day\u00een. Hem\u00ee civak di \u00e7alakiy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean abor\u00ee de h\u00eaman\u00ean ekoloj\u00eek \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee hol\u00eest\u00eek, bi p\u00eevan\u00ean exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee, dinirx\u00eenin. Eko-abor\u00ee \u00fb eko-p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee di hem\u00fb \u00e7alakiy\u00ean civak\u00ee de t\u00eane hesibandin. Li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea, heta projey\u00ean ku ten\u00ea ji bo sererastkirina j\u00eengeh\u00ea, vejandina \u00e7andiniy\u00ea \u00fb veguherandina gundan bo qad\u00ean jiyan\u00ea bi j\u00eengeheke her\u00ee saxlem armanc dikin j\u00ee, xwed\u00ee potansiyela jihol\u00earakirina hem\u00fb b\u00eakar\u00ee \u00fb xizaniy\u00ea ne. B\u00eakar\u00ee li dij\u00ee xwezaya mirovan e. Ji bo mirovahiy\u00ea, bi aqil\u00ea ewqas p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee, b\u00eakar\u00ee ten\u00ea bi dest\u00ea zalim \u00ea mirovan mimkun e, \u00fb bi rast\u00ee, ev e ya ku diqewime.<\/p>\n

\u00c7awa xweza, ku heta m\u00ea\u015fhingiv j\u00ee b\u00eakar xuya nake, heb\u00fbn\u00ean xwe y\u00ean her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee b\u00eakar \u00fb b\u00ea\u00e7are dih\u00eale? Di serdema teknolojiy\u00ea \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaziya li ser w\u00ea ava b\u00fbye, berhemeke ec\u00eab a prat\u00eeka mirovan, \u00e7ima div\u00ea xizan\u00ee \u00e7aren\u00fbs be? Di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de, abor\u00ee her gav mijarek hesas b\u00fbye, ku fikara sereke ya civaka exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee p\u00eak t\u00eene. Di bingeha w\u00ea de diyardey\u00ean ku civak\u00ea bi tevah\u00ee tehd\u00eet dikin hene, wek bir\u00e7\u00eeb\u00fbn, bir\u00e7\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00fb mirin. Berhevkirin, m\u00eena qezenc\u00ea, ji h\u00eala civakan ve qet rewa nehatiye hesibandin; ew her gav wek\u00ee \u00e7avkaniya xerab\u00ee \u00fb diziy\u00ea hatiye d\u00eetin. Dema ku derfet derket hol\u00ea, ev mal \u00fb milk\u00ean berhevkir\u00ee ji h\u00eala dewlet\u00ea ve hatine desteserkirin. Pir e\u015fkere ye ku aboriyek bi gir\u00eadana w\u00ea bi armancek wisa nay\u00ea avakirin. Wek\u00ee ku ber\u00ea j\u00ee hate ravekirin, axaftina li ser aboriyek\u00ea di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya \u00e7alakiyek ku bi xwezay\u00ee dij-abor\u00ee ye de bi ser\u00ea xwe nakok\u00ee ye. Ten\u00ea r\u00eaya derbaskirina v\u00ea nakokiy\u00ea ew e ku aboriya eko-civak\u00ea bixebite. Bi hezaran eko-civak dikarin xwe wek\u00ee yek\u00eeney\u00ean abor\u00ee li gor\u00ee \u015fert \u00fb mercan bir\u00eaxistin bikin. Ji n\u00fb ve r\u00eaxistinkirina erd\u00ean \u00e7andiniy\u00ea, ku ji ber par\u00e7eb\u00fbna di navbera malbatan de karakter\u00ea xwe y\u00ea yekgirt\u00ee winda kirine, bi ber\u00e7avgirtina prens\u00eeba eko-p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea, pirsgir\u00eakek e ku \u00e7areseriya w\u00ea demek dir\u00eaj e lezg\u00een e. Ev ji bo bajaran j\u00ee derbas dibe.<\/p>\n

Eko-civak dikarin werin afirandin. Di plansaziya bajar\u00ee de, aboriyek ekoloj\u00eek-navend\u00ee wek\u00ee be\u015fek ji yekpareb\u00fbna gi\u015ft\u00ee t\u00ea organ\u00eezekirin. \u00c7awa ku div\u00ea burokrasiyek tune be ku baj\u00ear bixwe, div\u00ea aboriyek j\u00ee tune be ku w\u00ee bixwe. Abor\u00ee, li gor\u00ee xwezaya her bajar\u00ee, wek\u00ee yek\u00eeney\u00ean bi mezinahiya \u00e7\u00eatir\u00een \u00ean ku ne-qezenc\u00ee ne \u00fb armanc dikin ku b\u00eakar\u00ee \u00fb xizaniy\u00ea li baj\u00ear ji hol\u00ea rakin, t\u00ea organ\u00eezekirin. Nif\u00fbsa baj\u00ear dikare li gor\u00ee avah\u00ee \u00fb \u015fiyan\u00ean xwe di navbera van yek\u00eeneyan de were belavkirin. Ev model avahiyek e ku t\u00ea de civaka exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya her\u00eam\u00ee biryaran dide \u00fb \u00e7alakiyan dike. Hevr\u00eaziya ku \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean netewey\u00ee, her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb heta navnetewey\u00ee j\u00ee li ber \u00e7avan digire her gav p\u00eaw\u00eest e. L\u00ea ev yek v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea ji hol\u00ea ranake ku biryar \u00fb \u00e7alak\u00ee div\u00ea bi \u00een\u00eesiyat\u00eefa civaka her\u00eam\u00ee be. Abor\u00ee ne pirsgir\u00eakek binesaziya tekn\u00eek\u00ee ye; ew \u00e7alakiyek e ku bi r\u00eaya n\u00ear\u00een, n\u00eeqa\u015f, biryar \u00fb \u00e7alakiy\u00ean r\u00eaxistin\u00ee \u00fb xebata tevahiya civak\u00ea wek\u00ee avahiya heb\u00fbna bingeh\u00een a civakan t\u00ea kirin. Veqetandina mirovan ji aboriy\u00ea bingeha hem\u00ee xer\u00eebb\u00fbn\u00ea ye. P\u00ea\u015f\u00eegirtina v\u00ea yek\u00ea pir gir\u00eeng e, \u00fb ten\u00ea r\u00ea ew e ku aboriy\u00ea ji bo hem\u00ee civakan gih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee be. Aboriyek ku div\u00ea li ser bingeha prens\u00eeb\u00ean civak-navend\u00ee, ekoloj\u00eek \u00fb kar\u00eegeriy\u00ea were organ\u00eezekirin, \u015fertek bingeh\u00een a heb\u00fbna civak\u00ea ye. Ji bil\u00ee civak \u00fb civakan kesek din nikare xwediy\u00ea v\u00ea maf\u00ea heb\u00fbn\u00ea be an j\u00ee betal bike. Yek\u00eeney\u00ean, \u00e7i bazirgan\u00ee, p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee, \u00e7andin\u00ee, an j\u00ee daray\u00ee (bi \u015fert\u00ea ku ew ten\u00ea rolek navbeynkar bil\u00eezin), div\u00ea van prens\u00eeb\u00ean bingeh\u00een bi\u015fop\u00eenin. Div\u00ea ev prens\u00eeb hem bingeha kargehek mezin \u00fb hem j\u00ee yek\u00eeneyeke gund-\u00e7andiniy\u00ea bin. Eko-p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee, p\u00eevana duyem\u00een a modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek, li dij\u00ee p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Hilber\u00eena nirxa z\u00eade \u00fb vekirina hem\u00ee xwezay\u00ea ji bo \u00eestismarkirin\u00ea bi kap\u00eetal\u00eezma hey\u00ee ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. P\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee r\u00eabaza her\u00ee qir\u00eaj a qezenckirina kap\u00eetal\u00eest e. Her \u00e7end di dem\u00ean kevnar de bi obs\u00eedyen\u00ea dihat kirin j\u00ee, di serdem\u00ean pa\u015f\u00een de bi \u015f\u00fbr dihat kirin, \u00fb \u00eero j\u00ee bi p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea t\u00ea kirin. Ji bo qezenc\u00ea qezenca mezin t\u00ea bidestxistin. Ew ti\u015ft\u00ea ku civak xwed\u00ee dike bi r\u00eaya teknolojiy\u00ea, zekaya s\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb tekn\u00eek\u00ean din, bi r\u00eaya \u015feran \u00fb qezenc\u00ean ji tekn\u00eek\u00ean ku xwezay\u00ea w\u00earan dikin digire. R\u00eabaza abor\u00ee ya ku div\u00ea li dij\u00ee cinawirek\u00ee wusa y\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00ea p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea were p\u00ea\u015fxistin, aboriyek “eko”, aboriyek komunal e. Gelo div\u00ea em bi p\u00ee\u015fesaziyeke kap\u00eetal\u00eest a ewqas tirsnak re bij\u00een, an bi p\u00ee\u015fesaziyeke ku li dij\u00ee w\u00ea ye? Eko-p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee t\u00eageheke gi\u015ft\u00ee l\u00ea rast e. Em qala aboriyeke dikin ku j\u00eengeh\u00ea qir\u00eaj neke \u00fb debara malbat\u00ea peyda bike. Abor\u00ee qan\u00fbna malbat\u00ea ye, hunera r\u00eavebirin \u00fb bir\u00eavebirina metbex\u00ea ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ji bo bir\u00eavebirina mal\u00ea ti r\u00eayek ji bo jinan nemaye. Y\u00ean ku v\u00ea dikin kujer\u00ean kast-desthilatdar in. \u00c7awa ku jin panzdeh hezar sal ber\u00ea kole b\u00fbn, \u00eero j\u00ee kole ne. \u00db ew koley\u00ean ku bi r\u00eaya reklam\u00ea t\u00eane firotin in. Her be\u015fek ji la\u015f\u00ea jin\u00ea v\u00ea \u00e7etey\u00ea t\u00ear dike. Abor\u00ee kar\u00ea jinan e, l\u00ea niha ti eleqeya w\u00ea bi jinan re tune. Di yek\u00eeney\u00ean abor\u00ee y\u00ean modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de, milk gir\u00eengiya xwe winda dike \u00fb dibe duyem\u00een. Milk d\u00ea a\u00eed\u00ee civak\u00ean ku li gor\u00ee prens\u00eeban tevdigerin be. Ne malbat \u00fb ne j\u00ee xwed\u00eetiya dewlet\u00ea nikare bersivek bide aboriya modern. Dewlet \u00fb xwed\u00eetiya taybet\u00ee ya malbat\u00ea ku ji serdema hiyerar\u015f\u00eek m\u00eeras maye, heta di modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de j\u00ee nikare bij\u00ee. Heta \u015f\u00eerket j\u00ee ji ber zexta sedem\u00ean abor\u00ee her ku di\u00e7e dibin milk\u00ea hevpar \u00ea karmend\u00ean xwe. L\u00eabel\u00ea, h\u00een j\u00ee p\u00eaw\u00eest e ku norm\u00ean milk\u00ea bi xet\u00ean st\u00fbr ji hev ney\u00ean veqetandin. \u00c7awa ku du pergal\u00ean \u015faristan\u00ee bi hev re dij\u00een, pergal\u00ean milk\u00ea j\u00ee d\u00ea demek dir\u00eaj bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee bim\u00eenin. Di xwed\u00eetiya komunal de, xwed\u00eetiya malbat\u00ee d\u00ea heb\u00fbna xwe bipar\u00eaze, her weha dewlet j\u00ee d\u00ea bandor \u00fb parvekirina xwe bidom\u00eene. Ya gir\u00eeng ew e ku meriv ji norm\u00ean milk\u00ea y\u00ean nerm re vekir\u00ee be ku dikarin bersiva j\u00eengeh, hilber\u00een \u00fb b\u00eakariy\u00ea bidin. Her \u00e7alakiyek ku xizmeta heb\u00fbn, azad\u00ee, refah \u00fb bedewiya takekes\u00ee dike h\u00eaja ye, her \u00e7end ew milk be j\u00ee. L\u00ea ji ber ku ev nirx b\u00eay\u00ee civak\u00ea nay\u00ean avakirin, \u00e7\u00eatir\u00een e ku van pirsgir\u00eakan di nav s\u00eenor\u00ean \u00e7\u00eatir\u00een de \u00e7areser bikin. Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek, bi ji n\u00fb ve avakirina xwed\u00eetiya civak\u00ee – ku di tevahiya d\u00eerok\u00ea de heb\u00fbna xwe ya komunal winda nekiriye – li bingeha civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee di \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean n\u00fbjen de, di rew\u015fek de ye ku di v\u00ee war\u00ee de j\u00ee bi serkeft\u00ee rola xwe ya d\u00eerok\u00ee bil\u00eeze.<\/p>\n

C- Civaka Konfederal\u00eest a Demokrat\u00eek (Neteweya Demokrat\u00eek)<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00eestema konfederal\u00eest a demokrat\u00eek, \u015f\u00eaweyek\u00ee ne-dewlet\u00ee y\u00ea r\u00eaveberiya siyas\u00ee, hevtay\u00ea dewleta netewey\u00ee, \u015f\u00eawey\u00ea dewlet\u00ea y\u00ea bingeh\u00een \u00ea modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, di modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de p\u00eak t\u00eene. Dewlet \u00eedare dikin, demokras\u00ee hik\u00fbm dikin. Dewlet li ser desthilatdariy\u00ea ne, demokras\u00ee li ser raz\u00eeb\u00fbna kolekt\u00eef. Tay\u00eenkirin di dewletan de bingeh\u00een e, hilbijartin di demokrasiyan de. Mecb\u00fbr\u00ee di dewletan de bingeh\u00een e, dilxwaz\u00ee \u200b\u200bdi demokrasiyan de. Mimkun e ku cudah\u00eey\u00ean wekhev pir z\u00eade bibin.<\/p>\n

Konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek, berevaj\u00ee baweriya populer, ne \u015f\u00eaweyek\u00ee r\u00eaveberiy\u00ea y\u00ea taybet\u00ee y\u00ea serdema me ye; ew s\u00eestemek e ku di d\u00eerok\u00ea de cihek\u00ee gir\u00eeng girtiye. D\u00eerok ne navend\u00ee-dewlet-esas e, l\u00ea konfederal e. \u015e\u00eaweya dewlet\u00ea ji ber ku ew pir ferm\u00ee ye, ba\u015f t\u00ea zan\u00een, l\u00ea jiyana civak\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee konfederal\u00eezm\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Ji ber ku konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek civak\u00ea li \u015f\u00fbna yekdestdariyan dide p\u00ea\u015f, ew bi qas\u00ee ku p\u00eakan e ji navend\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea d\u00fbr dikeve. Ew ne homojen e; ew ji gelek civak, saz\u00ee \u00fb cudah\u00eeyan p\u00eak t\u00ea. R\u00eaveberiyeke pir navend\u00ee pir caran dibe sedema teq\u00eenan di van pirjimaran de. Di d\u00eerok\u00ea de b\u00eahejmar m\u00eenak\u00ean v\u00ea yek\u00ea hene. Konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek ji ber ku dih\u00eale her civak, saz\u00ee \u00fb cudah\u00ee xwe n\u00ee\u015fan bide, b\u00eatir belav e. Neb\u00fbna naskirina w\u00ea ya berfireh ji avahiya hegemon\u00eek \u00fb \u00eedeolojiya \u015faristaniya ferm\u00ee t\u00ea. Her \u00e7end bi ferm\u00ee nehatibe p\u00eanasekirin j\u00ee, civak di d\u00eerok\u00ea de bi bingeh\u00een konfederal b\u00fbne. Hem\u00ee r\u00eaveberiy\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee, qeb\u00eele \u00fb etn\u00eek\u00ee r\u00ea didin celebek konfederal\u00eezm\u00ea ku bi t\u00eakiliy\u00ean sist ve t\u00eate diyar kirin; wek\u00ee din, xweseriya wan a navxwey\u00ee d\u00ea t\u00eak bi\u00e7e. Hem\u00ee form\u00ean r\u00eaveberiya e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee, qeb\u00eele \u00fb etn\u00eek\u00ee, desthilatdariy\u00ean ol\u00ee, pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ee, heta komar \u00fb demokras\u00ee j\u00ee, dikarin di nav \u00eemparatoriyek\u00ea de bibin yek. Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, gir\u00eeng e ku meriv f\u00eam bike ku tewra \u00eemparatoriy\u00ean her\u00ee navend\u00ee j\u00ee, bi awayek\u00ee, konfederal in. Modela r\u00eaveberiya navend\u00ee modelek \u00eedar\u00ee ye ku ji h\u00eala yekdestdariy\u00ea ve hewce ye, ne ji h\u00eala civak\u00ea ve. Konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek modela siyas\u00ee ya bingeh\u00een e, \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya siyas\u00ee ya civaka exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek dijwar dibe heya ku homojen\u00ee \u00fb xwezaya yekpar\u00eaz a xwezaya civak\u00ee bi tevah\u00ee ney\u00ea fam kirin. P\u00eancsed sal\u00ean daw\u00ee y\u00ean modern\u00eeteya ferm\u00ee d\u00eerokeke civak\u00ean pir-etn\u00eek\u00ee, pir-\u00e7and\u00ee, pir-siyas\u00ee \u00fb xwepar\u00eaz in ku bi nav\u00ea neteweyek homojen rast\u00ee qirkirin\u00ean \u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb carinan j\u00ee f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee hatine.<\/p>\n

Konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek, li dij\u00ee homojen\u00eezekirina modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, d\u00eerokeke israrkirina li ser xweparastin, pir-etn\u00eek\u00ee, pir-\u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb formasyon\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean cih\u00eareng e. S\u00eestema demokrat\u00eek, ku her ku di\u00e7e ne\u00e7ar dibe ku xwe wek\u00ee dij-modern\u00eetey\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan bide, bi pirsgir\u00eaka \u00e7areserkirina pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean xwe y\u00ean ferm\u00ee re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ye \u00fb di heman dem\u00ea de heb\u00fbna xwe di bin van mercan de xurt dike. Siyaseta demokrat\u00eek away\u00ea avakirina konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek e. Siyaseta demokrat\u00eek ji her be\u015f \u00fb nasnameyek civak\u00ea re derfet\u00ea dide ku xwe \u00eefade bike \u00fb bibe h\u00eazek siyas\u00ee, di heman dem\u00ea de civaka siyas\u00ee ava bike. B\u00eay\u00ee destwerdana siyaset\u00ea, kr\u00eeza dewlet\u00ea nay\u00ea \u00e7areserkirin. Kr\u00eez bi xwe ji \u00eenkara civaka siyas\u00ee derdikeve hol\u00ea. Siyaseta demokrat\u00eek ten\u00ea r\u00eaya derbaskirina kr\u00eez\u00ean dewlet\u00ea y\u00ean \u00eeroy\u00een e. Wek\u00ee din, \u015fopandina dewlet\u00ean navend\u00ee y\u00ean h\u00een tengtir d\u00ea b\u00ea guman bibe sedema \u015fikestin\u00ean giran. Ev faktor careke din n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek wek\u00ee alternat\u00eefek bih\u00eaz derketiye hol\u00ea. Kes \u00fb tevger\u00ean ku bawer dikirin ku ew dikarin bi gir\u00eadana bi dewleta netewey\u00ee, ku \u00e7eka modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest e, z\u00fb veguher\u00een\u00ean mezin \u00ean civak\u00ee bi dest bixin, pir dereng f\u00eam kirin ku ew guleyan li ling\u00ea xwe dixin. Jihol\u00earakirina bilez a konfederal\u00eezm\u00ea, ku di destp\u00eak\u00ea de di ezm\u00fbna Sovyet-R\u00fbsyay\u00ea de populer b\u00fb, bi nav\u00ea dewleta navend\u00ee, sedemek bingeh\u00een a hilwe\u015f\u00eena sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een e. Konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek xwed\u00ee potansiyel e ku aliy\u00ean ney\u00een\u00ee y\u00ean ji pergala dewleta netewey\u00ee derdikevin derbas bike, \u00fb ew di heman dem\u00ea de am\u00fbra her\u00ee guncaw e ji bo siyas\u00eekirina civak\u00ea. Ew h\u00easan \u00fb gengaz e. Her civak, etn\u00ees\u00eete, \u00e7and, civaka ol\u00ee, tevgera rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee \u00fb yek\u00eeneya abor\u00ee dikare bi awayek\u00ee xweser xwe wek\u00ee yek\u00eeneyek siyas\u00ee ava bike \u00fb \u00eefade bike. T\u00eageha xweb\u00fbn\u00ea, an avahiya federasyon\u00ee an xweseriy\u00ea, div\u00ea di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ove \u00fb \u00e7ar\u00e7ov\u00ea de were nirxandin. Her xweb\u00fbn xwed\u00ee \u015fans\u00ea avakirina konfederasyon\u00ea ye, ji asta her\u00eam\u00ee heya asta gerd\u00fbn\u00ee. H\u00eamana her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a her\u00eam\u00ee maf\u00ea n\u00eeqa\u015f \u00fb biryardana azad e. Her xweb\u00fbn an yek\u00eeneya federasyon\u00ee b\u00eahempa ye ji ber ku ew \u015fans\u00ea prat\u00eekkirina demokrasiya rasterast p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f\u00ee dike, ku wek\u00ee demokrasiya be\u015fdar j\u00ee t\u00ea hesibandin. Ew hem\u00fb h\u00eaza xwe ji sepandina demokrasiya rasterast digire. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye ku ew roleke bingeh\u00een dil\u00eeze. \u00c7awa ku dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00eenkara demokrasiya rasterast e, konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek, berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, h\u00eazek avaker \u00fb fonksiyonel e ji bo v\u00ea demokrasiy\u00ea. Wek \u015faney\u00ean sereke y\u00ean demokrasiya be\u015fdar a rasterast, yek\u00eeney\u00ean federasyon\u00ee ji h\u00eala nermb\u00fbna xwe ve b\u00eahempa \u00fb \u00eedeal in ku li gor\u00ee \u015fert \u00fb mercan veguher\u00eenin yek\u00eetiy\u00ean konfederasyon\u00ee. Her cure yek\u00eet\u00eeya siyas\u00ee ya ku li ser bingeha yek\u00eetiy\u00ean ku li ser demokrasiya be\u015fdar a rasterast hatine damezrandin p\u00ea\u015f dikeve demokrat\u00eek e. Di asta her\u00ee her\u00eam\u00ee de, demokrasiya rasterast…<\/p>\n

Mimkun e ku siyaseta demokrat\u00eek wek\u00ee fonksiyona siyas\u00ee ya ku ji yek\u00eeneya ku demokras\u00ee l\u00ea t\u00ea prat\u00eekkirin \u00fb jiy\u00een heta p\u00eakhatina her\u00ee gerd\u00fbn\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fketiye were p\u00eanasekirin. Gir\u00eeng e ku yek\u00eeney\u00ean federasyon\u00ee \u00fb xweser di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveyek pir dewlemend de werin nirxandin. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina ku heta li gundek an taxek bajarek\u00ee j\u00ee, d\u00ea hewcedariya send\u00eekay\u00ean konfederasyon\u00ee hebe pir gir\u00eeng e. Her gund an taxek dikare bi h\u00easan\u00ee bibe yek\u00eetiyek konfederasyon\u00ee. M\u00eenak\u00ee, ji yek\u00eeneya ekoloj\u00eek (an federasyon) a gundek\u00ee bigire heya gelek yek\u00eeney\u00ean demokrasiya rasterast \u00ean wek\u00ee rizgariya jinan, parastina xwe, ciwan, perwerde, folklor, tendurist\u00ee, al\u00eekariya hevbe\u015f \u00fb abor\u00ee, div\u00ea ev yek\u00eene di asta gund de bibin yek. Ev yek\u00eeneya n\u00fb bi h\u00easan\u00ee dikare wek\u00ee yek\u00eeneya konfederasyon\u00ee an send\u00eeka (yek\u00eeneya yek\u00eeney\u00ean federasyon\u00ee) were binavkirin. Dema ku em v\u00ea pergal\u00ea dir\u00eaj\u00ee ast\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee, her\u00eam\u00ee, netewey\u00ee \u00fb gerd\u00fbn\u00ee dikin, em dikarin bi h\u00easan\u00ee f\u00eam bikin ka konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek \u00e7iqas pergalek berfireh e. Mimkun e ku meriv \u00e7\u00eatir f\u00eam bike ku s\u00ea ji aliy\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek bi hev re temamker in bi r\u00eaya n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya s\u00eestemat\u00eek a konfederal\u00eezm\u00ea. Ji ber ku her aliyek\u00ee di v\u00ea pergal\u00ea de xwed\u00ee potansiyela n\u00eeqa\u015f, nirxandin, biryardan, ji n\u00fb ve avakirin \u00fb \u00e7alakiy\u00ea ye, rastiya civak\u00ee ya d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb tevah\u00eeb\u00fbna xwezaya civak\u00ee \u00e7\u00eatir\u00een t\u00ea misogerkirin.<\/p>\n

Xweparastina civak\u00ee di nav s\u00eestemeke konfederal a demokrat\u00eek de \u00e7\u00eatir\u00een dikare were bidestxistin. Xweparastin, wek\u00ee saziyeke siyaseta demokrat\u00eek, di nav s\u00eestema konfederal de cih digire. Bi p\u00eanasey\u00ea, xweparastin \u00eefadeya kurtkir\u00ee ya siyaseta demokrat\u00eek e.<\/p>\n

Konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek ten\u00ea dikare bi r\u00eaya xweparastin\u00ea le\u015fker\u00eeb\u00fbna ji dewleta netewey\u00ee derdikeve rawest\u00eene. Civak\u00ean ku xweparastin ji wan tune ye, bi xetereya windakirina nasname, taybetmendiy\u00ean siyas\u00ee \u00fb demokrat\u00eekb\u00fbna xwe re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ne. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, aliy\u00ea xweparastin\u00ea ne ten\u00ea meseleyeke parastina le\u015fker\u00ee ye ji bo civakan. Ew bi parastina nasnamey\u00ean wan, siyas\u00eeb\u00fbna wan \u00fb p\u00eakan\u00eena demokrat\u00eekb\u00fbna wan ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Civatek ten\u00ea dikare \u00eed\u00eea bike ku nasnameya xwe parastiye, siyas\u00eeb\u00fbna xwe bi dest xistiye \u00fb di siyaseta demokrat\u00eek de be\u015fdar b\u00fbye, heke bikaribe xwe bipar\u00eaze. Li gor\u00ee van rastiyan, div\u00ea konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek j\u00ee wek\u00ee s\u00eestemeke xweparastin\u00ea were \u00e7ar\u00e7ovekirin. Di serdema hegemon\u00eek a gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ya yekdestdariyan de \u00fb di bin \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean ku tevahiya civak\u00ea bi \u015f\u00eawey\u00ea dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee le\u015fker\u00ee kiriye de, modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek ten\u00ea dikare bi awayek\u00ee ku tevahiya civak\u00ea, di her dem \u00fb cih\u00ee de, li ser bingeha parastina xwe \u00fb siyaseta demokrat\u00eek, bi avahiyek xwe-s\u00eestemat\u00eek a ji tor\u00ean konfederal p\u00eak t\u00ea, bersiv\u00ea bide hegemonyay\u00ea. \u00c7iqas tor\u00ean hegemon\u00eek – yekdestdariy\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee, daray\u00ee, p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee, desthilatdar\u00ee, dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb \u00eedeoloj\u00eek – b\u00eatir hebin, modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek div\u00ea tor\u00ean konfederal, parastina xwe \u00fb siyaseta demokrat\u00eek p\u00ea\u015f bixe.<\/p>\n

Felsefeyeke siyas\u00ee \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean stratej\u00eek \u00fb takt\u00eek\u00ee y\u00ean ku li ber \u00e7avan digirin ku pergala dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb pergala konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek d\u00ea bi a\u015ftiya prens\u00eeb\u00ee \u00fb \u015fert\u00ee re, \u00fb her weha bi t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean parastina xwe re di rew\u015fa ku ev \u015fert \u00fb prens\u00eeb werin binp\u00eakirin de, bi hev re bij\u00een, ji bo me\u015fa civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee ya ber bi azad\u00ee, wekhev\u00ee \u00fb demokrasiy\u00ea ve guncawtir in.<\/p>\n

T\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean di navbera netewe ji bo dewlet\u00ea \u00fb dewleta ji bo netewey\u00ea de faktor\u00ean sereke y\u00ean rastiya xw\u00een\u00ee ya serdem\u00ea ne. An\u00eena h\u00eaz \u00fb dewlet\u00ea bi netewey\u00ea re \u00e7avkaniya sereke ya pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean serdema modern e. Dema ku em pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean serdema modern bi y\u00ean ku ji d\u00eektator\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ean xanedan\u00ee derdikevin re didin ber hev, em dib\u00eenin ku pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean serdema modern ji dewleta netewey\u00ee derdikevin, \u00fb ev c\u00fbdahiya her\u00ee mezin di navbera herduyan de p\u00eak t\u00eene. Dewleta netewey\u00ee, yek ji pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean her\u00ee tevlihev di zanista civak\u00ee de, wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00ee\u00e7ek s\u00earbaz t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kirin ku hem\u00ee pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean dij-modern \u00e7areser dike. Di bingeh de, ew pirsgir\u00eakek civak\u00ee dike hezar. Ev ji ber ku ew am\u00fbra h\u00eaz\u00ea dir\u00eaj dike heta kap\u00eelar\u00ean civakan. Desthilat bi xwe pirsgir\u00eakan \u00e7\u00eadike. Ji ber xwezaya zor\u00ea ya karakter\u00ea potansiyel \u00ea sermayey\u00ea, h\u00eaz bi r\u00eaya zordar\u00ee \u00fb \u00eestismarkirin\u00ea pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee diafir\u00eene. Dewleta netewey\u00ee ya homojen ku ew armanc dike welatiy\u00ean \u00e7\u00eakir\u00ee \u00fb tund\u00fbt\u00fbj, bi derew\u00een wekhev ava dike. Wekheviya welatiyan di dewleta netewey\u00ee de bi birr\u00een \u00fb wekhevkirina hem\u00ee endaman t\u00ea afirandin. Ev welatiy\u00ea di herfa qan\u00fbn\u00ea de wekhev e, l\u00ea di her aliy\u00ea jiyan\u00ea de wek\u00ee takekesek \u00fb heb\u00fbnek kolekt\u00eef newekheviya her\u00ee z\u00eade dij\u00ee. R\u00eaxistinkirina modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest wek\u00ee dewletek netewey\u00ee roleke zordar \u00fb \u00eest\u00eesmarkartir dil\u00eeze ji r\u00eaxistina w\u00ea wek\u00ee yekdestdariyeke abor\u00ee.<\/p>\n

T\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna Marks\u00eezm \u00fb civaknasiy\u00ea bi gi\u015ft\u00ee di d\u00eetina gir\u00eadana di navbera dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb zordar\u00ee \u00fb \u00eest\u00eesmar\u00ea de, an p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirina dewleta netewey\u00ee wek\u00ee saziyeke serdest a pir asay\u00ee, k\u00eamas\u00ee \u00fb xirab\u00fbneke bingeh\u00een e. Dema ku anal\u00eeza sermayeya \u00e7\u00een \u00fb mad\u00ee bi serbixwe ji dewleta netewey\u00ee t\u00ea kirin, ew dibe sedema gi\u015ft\u00eekirineke abstrakt ku kevn e \u00fb encameke civak\u00ee ya berhemdar \u00e7\u00eanake. T\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een ji encam\u00ean t\u00eakildar\u00ee v\u00ea abstraksiyon\u00ea bandor b\u00fb. Wek\u00ee t\u00eagehek, netewe p\u00eakhatineke civak\u00ee ye ku li d\u00fb p\u00eakhatina e\u015f\u00eer, e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb kom\u00ean t\u00eakildar di nav kom\u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee, gel an neteweyan de t\u00ea, \u00fb bi piran\u00ee bi wekheviy\u00ean di ziman \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ea de t\u00ea xuyang kirin. Civak\u00ean netewey\u00ee ji civak\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee \u00fb etn\u00eek\u00ee b\u00eatir berfireh \u00fb berfirehtir in, \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea civak\u00ean mirovan in ku bi gir\u00eadan\u00ean sisttir ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Civaka netewey\u00ee bi piran\u00ee diyardeyeke serdema me ye. P\u00eanaseyeke gi\u015ft\u00ee d\u00ea “civakek ji wan kes\u00ean ku z\u00eehniyetek hevpar parve dikin” be. Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, civaka netewey\u00ee diyardeyeke hey\u00ee ya der\u00fbn\u00ee ye; ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew heb\u00fbneke abstrakt \u00fb xeyal\u00ee ye. Em dikarin j\u00ea re bib\u00eajin “neteweyek ku li ser bingeha \u00e7and\u00ea hatiye destn\u00ee\u015fankirin”, ku ev p\u00eanaseya sosyoloj\u00eek rast e. B\u00eay\u00ee ku \u00e7\u00een, zayend, reng, etn\u00ees\u00eete, an j\u00ee kok\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean c\u00fbda cuda bin, avakirina zihniyet \u00fb c\u00eehaneke \u00e7and\u00ee ya hevpar bi gelemper\u00ee ji bo neteweb\u00fbn\u00ea bes e. Ji bo ku ev neteweya ku bi gelemper\u00ee hatiye destn\u00ee\u015fankirin sof\u00eest\u00eeketir bibe, kategoriy\u00ean c\u00fbda y\u00ean neteweperweriy\u00ea t\u00eane hilberandin \u00fb neteweya gi\u015ft\u00ee xurt dikin: neteweya dewlet\u00ea, neteweya hiq\u00fbq\u00ee, neteweya abor\u00ee \u00fb neteweya le\u015fker\u00ee (neteweya art\u00ea\u015f\u00ea). Her wiha mimkun e ku ji van re ‘netewey\u00ean h\u00eazdar’ were gotin. B\u00fby\u00eena neteweyek bih\u00eaz \u00eedealek bingeh\u00een a modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest e. Ji ber ku neteweyek bih\u00eaz \u00eemtiyaz\u00ean sermayey\u00ea, bazara berfireh \u00fb derfet\u00ean kolonyal \u00fb emperyal\u00eezm\u00ea hildiber\u00eene. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, gir\u00eeng e ku ev netewey\u00ean bih\u00eaz wek\u00ee modela yekane ya neteweb\u00fbn\u00ea ney\u00ean d\u00eetin, \u00fb heta netewey\u00ean \u015foven\u00eest \u00ean bih\u00eaz wek\u00ee netewey\u00ean di xizmeta sermayey\u00ea de werin hesibandin.<\/p>\n

Gir\u00eadanek di navbera t\u00eageha Xwed\u00ea \u00fb monar\u015f\u00ea destp\u00eak\u00ea \u00fb serdema nav\u00een de heye. Dema ku monar\u015f pi\u015ft\u00ee Serdema Nav\u00een bandora xwe ya takekes\u00ee winda kir \u00fb monar\u015f\u00ee b\u00fb saz\u00fbman\u00ee \u00fb veguher\u00ee dewletek netewey\u00ee, xweday\u00ea monar\u015f c\u00eeh da xweday\u00ea dewleta netewey\u00ee. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, p\u00eerozkirina saziy\u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee, digel t\u00eageh\u00ean p\u00eerozkir\u00ee y\u00ean “welat-netewe-bazar”, bi bingeh\u00een di hegemonya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de kok digire, ku qezenca her\u00ee z\u00eade gengaz dike. Bi qas\u00ee ku ev hegemonya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek van t\u00eageh\u00ean t\u00eakildar\u00ee netewey\u00ea p\u00eeroz dike, ew qan\u00fbna qezenca her\u00ee z\u00eade rewa dike \u00fb pi\u015ftrast dike. Di serdema me de, q\u00eer\u00eena kerr a sembol\u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb slogan\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean wek\u00ee “yek al”, “yek ziman”, “yek welat”, “yek dewlet” \u00fb “dewleta yekgirt\u00ee”, b\u00ear\u00eaziya li hember al\u00ean bi reng\u00ean c\u00fbda, zihniyeta yekreng \u00fb seqet, \u00fb co\u015f \u00fb heta r\u00eetuelkirina \u015foven\u00eezma netewey\u00ee di her xwep\u00ea\u015fandan\u00ea de, nemaze di b\u00fbyer\u00ean werz\u00ee\u015f \u00fb huner\u00ee de, div\u00ea wek\u00ee perestina ola neteweperweriy\u00ea were \u015f\u00eerove kirin. Bi rast\u00ee, form\u00ean perestin\u00ea ji serdem\u00ean ber\u00ea heman fonksiyon\u00ea p\u00eak dian\u00een. Armanca sereke li vir ve\u015fartin an rewakirina berjewendiy\u00ean desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb yekdestdariy\u00ean \u00eest\u00eesmarkar e. Dema ku hem\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eekat\u00ee \u00fb prat\u00eek\u00ean ve\u015fartin \u00fb z\u00eadekir\u00ee y\u00ean t\u00eakildar\u00ee dewleta netewey\u00ee di bin v\u00ea parad\u00eegmaya bingeh\u00een de werin \u015f\u00eerove kirin, rastiya rastiya civak\u00ee rasttir t\u00ea f\u00eam kirin. Neteweya demokrat\u00eek modela ku ji van hem\u00ee nexwe\u015fiyan her\u00ee k\u00eam \u00ea\u015f diki\u015f\u00eene ye. Ew r\u00eaveberiya xwe p\u00eeroz nake. R\u00eaveber\u00ee, wek\u00ee diyardeyek h\u00easan, xizmeta jiyana rojane dike. Dema ku \u015fert \u00fb merc werin bic\u00eehan\u00een, her kes dikare wek\u00ee karmendek r\u00eaveber be. R\u00eaveber\u00ee h\u00eaja ye, l\u00ea ne p\u00eeroz e. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina nasnameya netewey\u00ee vekir\u00ee ye; ew ne m\u00eena endametiyek ol\u00ee an baweriyek girt\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Endamtiya neteweyek ne \u00eemtiyaz e \u00fb ne j\u00ee k\u00eamasiyek e. Mirov dikare ji yek netewey\u00ea z\u00eadetir a\u00eed\u00ee w\u00ea be. An j\u00ee, netewey\u00ean c\u00fbda dikarin bi hev re bij\u00een. Ger neteweya qan\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb neteweya demokrat\u00eek li hev werin, ew dikarin bi h\u00easan\u00ee bi hev re bij\u00een. “Welat-al-ziman” h\u00eaja ne, l\u00ea ne p\u00eeroz in. Mimkun e ku meriv di welatek hevpar de bi hev re bij\u00ee, bi ziman \u00fb al\u00ean ku bi dostaniy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne, ne bi dijberiy\u00ea, \u00fb ev j\u00ee p\u00eadiv\u00eeyek jiyana civak\u00ee ya d\u00eerok\u00ee ye. Bi van hem\u00fb taybetmendiyan, t\u00eageha neteweya demokrat\u00eek wek\u00ee alternat\u00eefek bih\u00eaz a dewleta netewe, \u00e7eka d\u00een a modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest, cih\u00ea xwe di d\u00eerok\u00ea de ji n\u00fb ve digire. Wek modelek anal\u00eet\u00eek, modela neteweya demokrat\u00eek t\u00eakiliy\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala neteweperestiya dewlet\u00ea ve hatine hilwe\u015fandin ji n\u00fb ve demokrat\u00eek dike; ew nasnamey\u00ean c\u00fbda dike lihevhat\u00ee, a\u015ft\u00eexwaz \u00fb tehamulkar.<\/p>\n

P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna neteweya dewlet\u00ea ber bi neteweya demokrat\u00eek ve destkeftiy\u00ean mezin t\u00eene. Modela neteweya demokrat\u00eek di ser\u00ee de t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean tund\u00fbt\u00fbj bi hi\u015fmendiyek civak\u00ee ya rast nerm dike, mirovan z\u00eerek, hestyar \u00fb empat\u00eek dike, wan mirov\u00eetir dike. Ew v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi k\u00eamkirina gir\u00eeng, heke ne bi tevah\u00ee ji hol\u00ea rabe j\u00ee, bi dest dixe, bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee \u00eeht\u00eemala civakek wekhevtir \u00fb azadtir diafir\u00eene. Ew ne ten\u00ea a\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb tehamul\u00ea di hundur\u00ea xwe de p\u00ea\u015f dixe, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de v\u00ea m\u00eesyon\u00ea bi serketina li ser n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean zordar \u00fb \u00eestismarkar \u00ean li hember netewey\u00ean din \u00ean derve \u00fb veguherandina berjewendiy\u00ean hevpar bo sinerjiy\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene. Dema ku saziy\u00ean netewey\u00ee \u00fb navnetewey\u00ee li gor\u00ee z\u00eehniyeta bingeh\u00een \u00fb avahiya saz\u00fbman\u00ee ya neteweya demokrat\u00eek ji n\u00fb ve werin avakirin, d\u00ea were f\u00eam kirin ku modern\u00eeteyek n\u00fb, v\u00ea car\u00ea modern\u00eeteyek demokrat\u00eek, di xwezay\u00ea de Ronesans e, jidayikb\u00fbnek n\u00fb ye, ne ten\u00ea di teor\u00eey\u00ea de l\u00ea di prat\u00eek\u00ea de j\u00ee. Alternat\u00eefa modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek e, \u00fb di dil\u00ea modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de neteweya demokrat\u00eek heye; ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ew ava dike, hem li hundir \u00fb hem j\u00ee li derve, civatek abor\u00ee, ekoloj\u00eek \u00fb a\u015ft\u00eexwaz e. Li \u015f\u00fbna dewleta netewey\u00ee bi xwe, hevpeymaniy\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb c\u00eehan\u00ee, \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee NY, ku niha vala ne an j\u00ee ji watey\u00ea hatine valakirin, avakirina bilez a netewey\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean demokrat\u00eek bi \u015fiyan\u00ean wan \u00ean \u00e7areserkirina pirsgir\u00eakan \u00ean bilind, \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fxistina model\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb c\u00eehan\u00ee y\u00ean m\u00eena YE, li \u015f\u00fbna ten\u00ea \u015f\u00fbna an veguherandina dewleta netewey\u00ee ya yekane, r\u00eaya her\u00ee rast, exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya derketina ji kr\u00eeza sermayeya daray\u00ee ya c\u00eehan\u00ee ye. Ceribandina fa\u015f\u00eezm\u00ea li Ewropay\u00ea di dema \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Duyem\u00een de modern\u00eetey\u00ea ne\u00e7ar kir ku projeya civaka xwe ya homojen ji n\u00fb ve binirx\u00eene. Projeya Yek\u00eetiya Ewropay\u00ea vegera alternat\u00eefek ji bo pirrengiya \u00e7and\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kiriye. Her \u00e7end postmodern\u00eet\u00ee bi xwezay\u00ee pirrengiya \u00e7and\u00ee wek\u00ee nirxek bingeh\u00een parve dike j\u00ee, ew ji alternat\u00eefek modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest d\u00fbr e. Hem\u00ee \u00e7and\u00ean ku li dervey\u00ee nasnameya \u00e7and\u00ee ya ferm\u00ee hene di dawiy\u00ea de marj\u00eenal\u00eeze dibin \u00fb bi rastiya ji hol\u00ea rakirin an j\u00ee tunekirin\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ne, \u00e7i bi awayek\u00ee xweber, bi r\u00eaya zexta nerasterast \u00fb \u00eestismara kap\u00eetal\u00eest, an j\u00ee bi r\u00eaya pol\u00eet\u00eekay\u00ean dewleta netewey\u00ee y\u00ean afirandina civatek homojen. Riya her\u00ee bibandor a li hember v\u00ea yek\u00ea ew e ku meriv t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftineke vekir\u00ee ya nasnameya \u00e7and\u00ee qeb\u00fbl bike da ku heb\u00fbna \u00e7and\u00ee were parastin \u00fb azadkirin.<\/p>\n

Armanc ew e ku projey\u00ean jiyana hevbe\u015f di astek bilindtir de bi sentezkirina van bi \u00e7and\u00ean din re werin p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Neteweyek demokrat\u00eek, hemwelat\u00eeb\u00fbna dest\u00fbr\u00ee, komara demokrat\u00eek \u00fb t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftineke piral\u00ee ya welat \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ea hin ji m\u00eenak\u00ean sereke y\u00ean van projeyan in. Siyaseta demokrat\u00eek, r\u00eaxistin\u00ean civaka siv\u00eel \u00fb r\u00eabaz\u00ean xweseriya demokrat\u00eek am\u00fbr\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean p\u00eakan\u00eena van projeyan in. \u00c7areseriya modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek hem ji bo parastin \u00fb azadkirina \u00e7and\u00ean kevne\u015fop\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee ji bo hevjiyana wan di sentezek\u00ea de bi \u00e7and\u00ean hemdem re p\u00eadiviyek gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

Em dikarin taybetmendiy\u00ean avakirina neteweya demokrat\u00eek bi kurtas\u00ee wiha kurteber bikin:<\/p>\n

a-<\/strong> Ew ji bo formasyon\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean cih\u00eareng \u00fb pirqat\u00ee vekir\u00ee ye. Formasyon\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean horizontal \u00fb vert\u00eekal \u00ean c\u00fbda ji ber avahiya tevlihev a civaka hey\u00ee p\u00eaw\u00eest in. Ew formasyon\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean navend\u00ee, her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb her\u00eam\u00ee di hevsengiy\u00ea de dih\u00eale. Ji ber ku her yek bersiv\u00ea dide \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean konkret, avahiy\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean piral\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eektir in ku \u00e7areseriy\u00ean her\u00ee rast ji bo pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee bib\u00eenin. \u00c7i bi \u015fikl\u00ea dewletek netewey\u00ee, komarek, an demokrasiy\u00ean burjuwa be, ew ji bo lihevkirin\u00ean prens\u00eeb\u00ee y\u00ean li ser bingeha entegrasyona demokrat\u00eek bi kevne\u015fopiy\u00ean dewlet\u00ea re vekir\u00ee ye. Ew dikare li ser bingeha a\u015ftiya prens\u00eeb\u00ee bi hev re bij\u00ee.<\/p>\n

b-<\/strong> Ew li ser bingeha civatek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye. Ew \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest, sosyal\u00eest, feodal, p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee, xer\u00eedar \u00fb y\u00ean bi heman reng\u00ee y\u00ean li ser bingeha endezyariya civak\u00ee, wek\u00ee yekdestdariy\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest dihew\u00eene dib\u00eene. Yekdestdariy\u00ean abor\u00ee, siyas\u00ee, \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb le\u015fker\u00ee am\u00fbr\u00ean ku v\u00ea xwezaya bingeh\u00een a civak\u00ea xera dikin, li d\u00fb nirxa z\u00eade, hetta bacgirtina civak\u00ee ne. Heta \u015fore\u015f j\u00ee nikare civatek n\u00fb biafir\u00eene. \u015eore\u015f ten\u00ea dikarin rolek er\u00ean\u00ee bil\u00eezin wek\u00ee operasyon\u00ean ku ji bo vegerandina tevna exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya civak\u00ea ya xera \u00fb riz\u00ee li fonksiyona w\u00ea ya or\u00eej\u00eenal t\u00eane kirin. Ya may\u00ee bi \u00eeradeya azad a civaka exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ve t\u00ea destn\u00ee\u015fankirin.<\/p>\n

c-<\/strong> Ew li ser siyaseta demokrat\u00eek e. Berevaj\u00ee r\u00eaveber\u00ee \u00fb r\u00eaveberiya hi\u015fk, navend\u00ee, x\u00eazik\u00ee, burokrat\u00eek a dewleta netewe, hem\u00ee kom\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb nasnamey\u00ean \u00e7and\u00ee xwer\u00eaveberiya civak\u00ea bi r\u00eaya formasyon\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean ku xwe \u00eefade dikin p\u00eak t\u00eenin. Kar bi r\u00eaber\u00ean ku bi r\u00eaya hilbijartinan, ne bi tay\u00eenkirinan, di ast\u00ean c\u00fbda de t\u00eane ser desthilat\u00ea t\u00eane kirin. H\u00eamana bingeh\u00een \u015fiyana day\u00eena biryaran bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean parleman\u00ee, n\u00eeqa\u015fkir\u00ee ye. Desthilatdariya otokrat\u00eek nederbasdar e. R\u00eavebiriya demokrat\u00eek \u00fb kontrolkirina kar\u00fbbar\u00ean civak\u00ee bi r\u00eaya toreke pir-avah\u00ee ya organan, ji encumen\u00ean hevr\u00eaziya navend\u00ee (mecl\u00ees, kom\u00eesyon, kongre) bigire heya encumen\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee, ku xizmet\u00ea ji her kom \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ea re dikin \u00fb li yek\u00eetiy\u00ea di cih\u00earengiy\u00ea de digerin, p\u00eak t\u00ea.<\/p>\n

d-<\/strong> Ew li ser parastina xwe ye. Yek\u00eeney\u00ean parastina xwe h\u00eaza bingeh\u00een in, ne wek\u00ee monopoleke le\u015fker\u00ee, l\u00ea di bin kontrola hi\u015fk a organ\u00ean demokrat\u00eek de li gor\u00ee hewcedariy\u00ean ewlehiy\u00ea y\u00ean navxwey\u00ee \u00fb dervey\u00ee y\u00ean civak\u00ea. Erka wan ew e ku derbasdariya \u00eeradeya siyas\u00ee ya demokrat\u00eek wek\u00ee avahiyek biryardan\u00ea ya azad \u00fb wekhev li ser bingeha c\u00fbdahiy\u00ean di nav civaka exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee de misoger bikin. Ew armanc dikin ku destwerdana h\u00eaz\u00ean ku v\u00ea \u00eeradey\u00ea ji hundur \u00fb derve t\u00eak dibin, asteng dikin, an j\u00ee tune dikin, b\u00eabandor bikin. Avahiya fermandariya yek\u00eeneyan di bin kontrola dual\u00ee ya hem organ\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean demokrat\u00eek \u00fb hem j\u00ee endam\u00ean yek\u00eeney\u00ea de ye, \u00fb heke p\u00eaw\u00eest be bi p\u00ea\u015fniyar \u00fb pejirandin\u00ean hevbe\u015f dikare bi h\u00easan\u00ee were guhertin.<\/p>\n

e-<\/strong> Cih\u00ea hegemonyay\u00ea bi gi\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee j\u00ee hegemonya \u00eedeoloj\u00eek tune. Di \u015faristaniy\u00ean demokrat\u00eek \u00fb modern\u00eetey\u00ea de, h\u00eaz\u00ean hegemon\u00eek \u00fb \u00eedeolojiy\u00ean wan nay\u00ean tehem\u00fblkirin. Dema ku ew ji s\u00eenor\u00ean \u00eefadey\u00ean cuda \u00fb r\u00eaveberiya demokrat\u00eek derbas dibin, ew bi r\u00eaya r\u00eaveberiya xweser \u00fb azadiya \u00eefadey\u00ea t\u00eane b\u00eabandorkirin. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina hevbe\u015f, r\u00eazgirtina ji bo raman\u00ean cuda \u00fb pabendb\u00fbna bi prens\u00eeb\u00ean biryardana demokrat\u00eek di r\u00eaveberiya kolekt\u00eef a kar\u00fbbar\u00ean civak\u00ee de gir\u00eeng in. Pirreng\u00ee di nav n\u00ear\u00een \u00fb b\u00eerdoziy\u00ean cuda de j\u00ee derbasdar e. Ew ne hewcey\u00ee b\u00eerdoziy\u00ean neteweperest, ol\u00ee, zanist\u00ee y\u00ean poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest, an zayendperest e, \u00fb ne j\u00ee li dij\u00ee avakirina hegemonyay\u00ea ye. Heta ku ew avahiya exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya civak\u00ea xera neke \u00fb hegemonyay\u00ea ne\u015fop\u00eene, her n\u00ear\u00een, raman \u00fb bawer\u00ee maf\u00ea w\u00ea heye ku bi azad\u00ee were \u00eefade kirin.<\/p>\n

f-<\/strong> Berevaj\u00ee yek\u00eet\u00eey\u00ean dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean Netewey\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee di bin kontrola h\u00eazek super-hegemon\u00eek de, konfederal\u00eezma demokrat\u00eek Yek\u00eet\u00eeya Konfederal\u00eezma Demokrat\u00eek a C\u00eehan\u00ea ya civak\u00ean netewey\u00ee terc\u00eeh dike. Yekkirina civak\u00ean pir mezintir, hem ji h\u00eala hejmar\u00ee ve \u00fb hem j\u00ee ji h\u00eala kal\u00eetey\u00ea ve, di Konfederasyona Demokrat\u00eek a C\u00eehan\u00ea de li gor\u00ee p\u00eevan\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean demokrat\u00eek ji bo c\u00eehanek ewletir, a\u015ftiyane, ekoloj\u00eek, dadperwer \u00fb berhemdartir gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

H\u00eajay\u00ee dubarekirin\u00ea ye ku em neteweya demokrat\u00eek li hember dewleta netewey\u00ee didin p\u00ea\u015fiy\u00ea. Ev t\u00ea v\u00ea watey\u00ea: Yek; d\u00ea neteweyek hebe, l\u00ea ne yek ji aliy\u00ea dewlet\u00ea ve were afirandin. Du; desthilatdariya dewlet\u00ea ji bo neteweya n\u00fbjen ne\u00e7ar e. Hem\u00fb dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee xuyangeke avakirina netewey\u00ea ya serdema n\u00fbjen in. L\u00ea ev netewe bi zor\u00ea, tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiy\u00ea, h\u00eaz\u00ea \u00fb bi tevah\u00ee ji aliy\u00ea dewlet\u00ea ve t\u00eane avakirin. Dema ku h\u00eaz dikeve nav neteweyek\u00ea, ew dibe dewletek netewey\u00ee. L\u00ea dema ku demokras\u00ee dikeve nav w\u00ea, ew dibe neteweyek demokrat\u00eek. Modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek di nav hemdem\u00eetiy\u00ea de derketiye hol\u00ea. Ji v\u00ea hemdem\u00eetiy\u00ea, neteweyek kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb neteweyek demokrat\u00eek \u00e7\u00eadibin. M\u00eenak\u00ee, Sw\u00eesre n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee neteweyek demokrat\u00eek e, l\u00ea Alman ji jor heta j\u00ear dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee ne. Bi kurtas\u00ee, van j\u00ee xwed\u00ee derece ne. Skotland neteweyek demokrat\u00eek e. \u00cengil\u00eestan dewletek netewey\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

L\u00eabel\u00ea, hem dewleta netewey\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee neteweya demokrat\u00eek hene. Ev ji bo me j\u00ee d\u00ea pir gir\u00eeng bin. P\u00eavajoyek wisa d\u00ea li Tirkiyey\u00ea j\u00ee p\u00eak were. Bingeh\u00ean v\u00ea yek\u00ea di teor\u00ee \u00fb prat\u00eek\u00ea de t\u00eane dan\u00een. \u00cengil\u00eestan di v\u00ee war\u00ee de m\u00eenakek gir\u00eeng e. Bi van \u00e7avd\u00eariyan, r\u00eaya neteweyek demokrat\u00eek pir veb\u00fbye. Armanc ew e ku Kurdan ber bi sosyal\u00eezm \u00fb avakirina netewey\u00ea li ser bingeha neteweyek demokrat\u00eek ve bibin. Heta niha j\u00ee, ji bo me hinek\u00ee dijwar e ku em xwe wek\u00ee neteweyek bi nav bikin, l\u00ea ew dikare di prat\u00eek\u00ea de were p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Neteweya demokrat\u00eek d\u00ea wek\u00ee “komunek komunan” were p\u00eanase kirin \u00fb d\u00ea xwe nesp\u00eare dewlet\u00ea. Tirkiye an welat\u00ean din \u00ean c\u00eeran d\u00ea v\u00ea yek\u00ea nas bikin. Ew \u00ea neb\u00eajin, “Min bi zor\u00ea te kir Tirk, min bi zor\u00ea te kir Ereb, min bi zor\u00ea te kir Faris.” Em \u00ea b\u00eajin, “Cih\u00ea te j\u00ee li Kurdistan\u00ea heye.” Em \u00ea b\u00eajin, “Tu xwe bir\u00eaxistin bik\u00ee, ez \u00ea xwe bir\u00eaxistin bikim.” Hin kes dipirsin, “Ma ti\u015ftek wisa mimkun e?” Em bawer dikin ku ew mimkun e. Formula “dewlet + demokras\u00ee” an \u00e7areseriya entegrasyona demokrat\u00eek \u00eefadeya her\u00ee kurt a v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Di encam\u00ea de, cudah\u00ee \u00fb nakokiy\u00ean di navbera modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek de ne ten\u00ea ramanek in; ew bi awayek\u00ee berbi\u00e7av heb\u00fbna du c\u00eehan\u00ean cuda n\u00ee\u015fan didin. Di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de, ev her du c\u00eehan, carinan bi dijwar\u00ee di dijberiya diyalekt\u00eek\u00ee de bi hev re \u015fer dikin, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de bi dem\u00ean a\u015ftiy\u00ea ve j\u00ee t\u00eane n\u00ee\u015fankirin, \u00eero j\u00ee bi heman reng\u00ee bi hev re t\u00eakil\u00ee \u00fb nakokiyan didom\u00eenin, carinan li hev dikevin \u00fb carinan li hev t\u00ean. Encam d\u00ea ji h\u00eala kes\u00ean ku ji kr\u00eeza avah\u00eesaziy\u00ea ya s\u00eestem\u00eek a hey\u00ee – rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee, siyas\u00ee \u00fb exlaq\u00ee – bi awayek\u00ee rast, ba\u015f \u00fb xwe\u015fik derdikevin ve were destn\u00ee\u015fankirin.<\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 1 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 2 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 3 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Navenda L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean Stratej\u00eek A Kurdistan\u00ea<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

MODERN\u00ceTE Zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean navenda wan Ewropa ne bi du r\u00eabaz\u00ean bingeh\u00een riya alternat\u00eef \u00ean rastiy\u00ea adeta b\u00ea \u00eemkan dikin. Ya yekem, rast\u00ee her gav t\u00ea k\u00eamkirin ango (N\u00eaz\u00eekatiya gerdunwar \u00ea mon\u00eest). Ya duyem\u00een, heq\u00eeqat\u00ea her tim dadixin \u2018yek\u2019\u00ee. Ya duyem\u00een, r\u00eabaza d\u00eetbar a b\u00eas\u00eenor e. Dib\u00eajin li gor her kes\u00ee heq\u00eeqeteke w\u00ee\/\u00ea heye, di […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16479,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","jnews_video_option_group":[[]],"override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"archive-right","second_sidebar":"archive-right","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"float","share_float_style":"share-normal","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","show_zoom_button":"1","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","show_comment_section":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_post_related":"1"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":"\u015earistaniya dewlet\u00ee \u015faristaniyeke dewlet-navend\u00ee ye ku bi s\u00eestema kujer a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea dest p\u00ea kiriye, bi Sumeriyan re \u015fikil girtiye \u00fb heta roja \u00eero j\u00ee berdewam dike. Ji aliy\u00ea din ve, \u015faristaniya demokrat\u00eek behsa nirx\u00ean civak\u00ee-kom\u00fbnal dike ku ji \u00e7anda e\u015f\u00eer-kom\u00fbn\u00ea, ku forma yekem a civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ye, heta roja \u00eero heb\u00fbne. \u00cero, zayend\u00ean ku ji aliy\u00ea s\u00eestema serdest ve hatine bindestkirin, nasname, \u00e7and, karker \u00fb hwd. hatine \u00eestismarkirin, p\u00eakhatey\u00ean \u015faristaniya demokrat\u00eek in."},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,13],"tags":[3961,4639,1210,4251,4373,4284,3593,1106,636],"class_list":["post-16478","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozgurluk-perspektifleri","category-dizi-yazi","tag-civak","tag-dewlet-netew","tag-kapitalizm","tag-komunal","tag-kujere-kastik","tag-manifesto","tag-reber-apo","tag-sosyalizm","tag-xweza"],"acf":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16478","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16478"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16478\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16480,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16478\/revisions\/16480"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16479"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}