{"id":16430,"date":"2026-06-24T10:28:39","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T08:28:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/?p=16430"},"modified":"2026-06-24T10:31:36","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T08:31:36","slug":"manifestoya-civaka-demokratik-a-komunal-besa-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/manifestoya-civaka-demokratik-a-komunal-besa-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Man\u00eefestoya Civaka Demokrat\u00eek a Kom\u00fbnal \u2013 BE\u015eA 3"},"content":{"rendered":"

DILEMA KOM\u00dbN \u00db DEWLET\u00ca DI CIVAKA D\u00ceROK\u00ce DE<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- Kasta Kujer\u00ea Civak\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00eerok ne d\u00eeroka t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ye, d\u00eeroka t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean kom\u00fbn-dewlet\u00ea ye. Del\u00eel\u00ean berhevkir\u00ee y\u00ean berbi\u00e7av hene ku d\u00eerok bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee ye ku pir bi wate ye. Teoriya t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee hem di teor\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee di prat\u00eek\u00ea de bi tevah\u00ee t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbye. Sosyal\u00eezma rael m\u00eenakek berbi\u00e7av a v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, xw\u00eena komunar\u00ean ku ji bo sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea \u015fer kirine h\u00een j\u00ee li erd\u00ea ye. L\u00ea l\u00eager\u00een berdewam dike.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea qonax\u00ea de, cinawir\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea bindestan ku ji sed\u00ee nod ji civak\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eenin, wek\u00ee ‘bermay\u00ee’ \u00eelan dike; wan diav\u00eaje zibilxaneyan. Ev pirsgir\u00eakek mezin e. Pirsgir\u00eak \u00ead\u00ee \u00eestismar an j\u00ee zordar\u00ee n\u00eene; ew t\u00ea av\u00eatin rew\u015fek nemirovane ku t\u00ea wateya xala ku mirovah\u00ee t\u00ea de westandin \u00fb qediya ye. Ji bo ku em ji v\u00ea cinawir\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea re b\u00eajin ‘raweste’, p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku r\u00eaya rast ji kr\u00eeza ku ji h\u00eala sosyal\u00eezma rael ve hat\u00ee afirandin were d\u00eetin. Hem\u00fb hewldana me ew e ku em v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi bingeh\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee anal\u00eez bikin \u00fb rastiy\u00ea e\u015fkere bikin.<\/p>\n

Teza pir-navend\u00ee di war\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna \u015faristan\u00ee de xelet e. Hem\u00fb del\u00eel n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn ji navendek\u00ea derketiye. D\u00eetin\u00ean Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (Gobeklitepe) v\u00ea yek\u00ea \u00eespat dikin. D\u00eetin\u00ean Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku dewletek \u015faristan\u00ee heye. Ev be\u015fek ji erdn\u00eegariya ku cureya Homo Sapiens l\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fketiye \u00fb ber bi mirovb\u00fbn\u00ea ve p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek gir\u00eeng \u00e7\u00eakiriye ye. P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ean li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (Gobeklitepe) j\u00ee n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku koletiya or\u00eej\u00eenal derketiye hol\u00ea. Di heman dem\u00ea de dikare wek\u00ee serdema derbasb\u00fbna serdema yamyamtiy\u00ea (kan\u00eebal\u00eest) j\u00ee were binavkirin. Ew p\u00eavajoya kolekirin \u00fb ne\u00e7arkirina mirovan, nemaze jin \u00fb zarokan, ji bo xebat\u00ea ye. Xirabre\u015fk (Gobeklitepe) ew cih e ku pergala kast\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fketiye, gih\u00ee\u015ftiye \u00fb b\u00fbye pergalek. Pergal\u00ean kast\u00ea civak\u00ean ku kolet\u00ee \u00fb newekhev\u00ee bi qan\u00fbn\u00ee t\u00eane pejirandin in. \u00c7avkaniya \u00e7\u00een, dewlet \u00fb bajar ev koma kast\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Xirabre\u015fk \u00e7andeke perestgeh\u00ea ye ku ji h\u00eala civakeke kast\u00ea ve t\u00ea p\u00eakan\u00een. Xirabre\u015fk (Gobeklitepe) m\u00eenaka yekem a v\u00ea \u00e7and\u00ea ye ku hatiye e\u015fkerekirin. Li dora w\u00ea, heta niha z\u00eadetir\u00ee sed perestgeh hatine destn\u00ee\u015fankirin. Ev \u015faristaniyeke mezin e ku d\u00eeroka w\u00ea vedigere 15,000-8,000 BZ. Em dikarin j\u00ea re bib\u00eajin ‘Kujer\u00ea Civak\u00ee y\u00ea Kast\u00eek\u00ee’. Ev kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea di ser\u00ee de jinan, pa\u015f\u00ea h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee zarokan hedef digire \u00fb her ku digih\u00eeje, mirovahiy\u00ea diki\u015f\u00eene nav pergaleke hi\u015fk a koletiy\u00ea. Ew tariya koletiy\u00ea diafir\u00eene ku mirov nikarin n\u00eeqa\u015f bikin, nikarin biaxivin \u00fb deng\u00ea xwe nekin. Bi hi\u015ftina civak\u00ea di w\u00ea tariy\u00ea de, ew perestgeh\u00ean xwe ava dike.<\/p>\n

Yekem m\u00eenak\u00ean koletiy\u00ea, bikaran\u00eena jin \u00fb zarokan di hilber\u00een\u00ea de \u00fb bikaran\u00eena m\u00earan di avakirina perestgehan de li vir derketine hol\u00ea. Ev j\u00ee \u00e7avkaniya dilemaya efend\u00ee-kole, dilemaya xwed\u00ea-xulam \u00fb teoriya afirandin\u00ea ye. Fikir \u00fb baweriya ‘efendiy\u00ea mutleq, xwediy\u00ea mutleq’ kar\u00ea v\u00ea kast\u00ea ye. Heta \u00eero j\u00ee, fikra ku ‘jin \u00fb zarok b\u00ea efendiyek nikarin bin’ ji w\u00ea serdem\u00ea t\u00ea. Obs\u00eedyen \u00fb kevir\u00ea \u00e7aqmaq\u00ea, madey\u00ean xav ji bo am\u00fbr\u00ean hilber\u00een\u00ea y\u00ean w\u00ea serdem\u00ea, ji h\u00eala v\u00ea kom\u00ea ve hatine monopolkirin. Wan van am\u00fbr\u00ean kevir\u00ee ji bo \u00e7\u00eakirina megal\u00eet\u00ean li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea bi kar an\u00een. Kasta n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan-berhevkar di heman dem\u00ea de afir\u00eener\u00ea t\u00eageha m\u00eetoloj\u00ee-ol-xweday\u00ea ye. Xirabre\u015fk (Gobekl\u00eetepe) \u00e7avkaniya z\u00eehniyeta koletiy\u00ea-\u00eelah\u00ee ye. Brahman \u00fb kah\u00eeney\u00ean Sumer\u00ee berdewamiya wan in. Ar\u00eestokrat\u00ean Ar\u00ee j\u00ee div\u00ea wek\u00ee berdewamiya v\u00ea kast\u00ea werin d\u00eetin. Koma kasta n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan-berhevkar di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya r\u00eaxistina civak\u00ee de veguher\u00eena ji klanan ber bi e\u015f\u00eer\u00ea \u00fb ji ko\u00e7ertiy\u00ea ber bi jiyana bic\u00eehb\u00fby\u00ee h\u00easan kir. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (Gobekl\u00eetepe) qewim\u00ee, dij-\u015fore\u015fek koma kast\u00ea ya n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan-berhevkar e. S\u00eestema kast\u00ea s\u00eestema Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (Gobekl\u00eetepe) bi veguherandina p\u00eavajoya yamyamt\u00ee (Kes\u00ean mirovan dixw\u00fbn) bo p\u00eavajoyek koletiy\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dixe. Ew bawer dikin ku bikaran\u00eena mirovan wek\u00ee koleyan ji ku\u015ftina wan s\u00fbdmendtir e. Wek\u00ee din, ew t\u00eageha “p\u00eeroz” p\u00ea\u015f dixin da ku serdestiya xwe li ser ked\u00ea xurt bikin. \u00c7\u00eena kast\u00ea niha xwed\u00ee taybetmendiyek “p\u00eeroz” e, dest p\u00ea dike ku wek\u00ee wusa were d\u00eetin \u00fb bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee gava her\u00ee gir\u00eeng di t\u00eakiliya serwer-xweday\u00ea de t\u00ea av\u00eatin. Carl Schmitt \u00eed\u00eea dike ku siyaset berdewamiya teolojiy\u00ea ye \u00fb ew ji teolojiy\u00ea derketiye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, p\u00ea\u015fkeftina d\u00eerok\u00ee berevaj\u00ee ye. Bi taybet\u00ee bermahiy\u00ean li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (Gobekl\u00eetepe) v\u00ea yek\u00ea \u00eespat dikin. Vekirina c\u00eeh ji bo m\u00eetoloj\u00ee \u00fb xwedayan ji h\u00eala pergala kast\u00ea ve bi tevah\u00ee ji sedem\u00ean siyas\u00ee derdikeve. Di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de, ziman \u00fb argumana \u00e7alakiya siyas\u00ee m\u00eetoloj\u00ee b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Afirandina st\u00fbn\u00ean kevir\u00ee y\u00ean bi \u015fikl\u00ea ‘T’ y\u00ean mezin li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea, dan\u00eena wan bi r\u00eazek taybet\u00ee \u00fb e\u015fkerekirina avahiyek m\u00eemar\u00ee r\u00eaxistinek mezin hewce dike. Li vir kevir\u00ean mezin t\u00ean \u00e7\u00eakirin. St\u00fbn\u00ean kevir\u00ee y\u00ean bi \u015fikl\u00ea ‘T’, ku di \u00e7ember\u00ea de hatine r\u00eazkirin, ji dever\u00ean derdor\u00ea t\u00ean derxistin. \u015e\u00eawazkirin, veguhastin \u00fb dan\u00eena van keviran hewcey\u00ee karmendkirina hejmareke mezin ji mirovan dikir. Ev kevir\u00ean monol\u00eet\u00eek \u00ean bi \u015fikl\u00ea T, ku bi qas\u00ee \u015fe\u015f metreyan bilind in \u00fb bi qas\u00ee b\u00eest ton giran in, b\u00eay\u00ee plansaziya demdir\u00eaj \u00fb kontrola mutleq a li ser ked\u00ea nedikar\u00een werin \u00e7\u00eakirin. Ev yek h\u00een b\u00eatir e\u015fkere dibe dema ku \u015fiyan \u00fb am\u00fbr\u00ean tekn\u00eek\u00ee y\u00ean w\u00ea serdem\u00ea t\u00eane hesibandin.<\/p>\n

Li ser v\u00ea yek\u00ea, dikare were gotin ku avahiya kast\u00ea r\u00eaxistineke zordar \u00fb saz\u00fbman\u00ee heb\u00fb. Div\u00ea kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea ya ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve serdest b\u00fb veguher\u00ee kasteke zalim \u00fb v\u00ea r\u00eaxistin\u00ea bir\u00eave biribe. B\u00ea guman, civaka ku avakirina Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea ferman daye, karmendkirina ewqas kesan bi awayek\u00ee r\u00eaxistinkir\u00ee misoger kiriye \u00fb van avahiyan bikar aniye, nikare wek\u00ee komeke asay\u00ee were binavkirin. Div\u00ea f\u00eegur\u00ean li ser st\u00fbn\u00ean kevir\u00ee y\u00ean bi \u015fikl\u00ea T j\u00ee xwed\u00ee wate \u00fb armancek bin. Ew muhtemelen h\u00eaman\u00ean ku kast\u00ea p\u00eeroz dikin dihew\u00eenin. Ev f\u00eegur sembol\u00ean ku kast\u00ea bilind dikin. Rastiya ku hin f\u00eeguran dest\u00ean xwe li p\u00ea\u015fiy\u00ea girtine j\u00ee balk\u00ea\u015f e. Hem\u00fb n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku ev s\u00eestem li dij\u00ee avahiya civak\u00ee ya klan\u00ea ya li dora seroka jin hatiye bicihkirin. Wisa xuya dike ku civakek li ser dewlet, \u00e7\u00een \u00fb \u015faristaniy\u00ea li vir ava b\u00fbye. Ev avahiya m\u00eena perestgeh\u00ea navendek e ku t\u00ea de pergala kast\u00ea ya p\u00eeroz \u00fb pergala civak\u00ee ya serdestiya m\u00earan t\u00ea de hatine s\u00eawirandin.<\/p>\n

P\u00eeram\u00eed\u00ean Misr\u00ea, perestgeh\u00ean ku bi sir\u00ean xwe y\u00ean h\u00een j\u00ee ne\u015firovekir\u00ee radibin, gor\u00ean xweday\u00ean pad\u00ee\u015fah \u00fb m\u00eenak\u00ean bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee li Avrasyay\u00ea, li ser koletiya mutleq a mirovahiy\u00ea hatine avakirin. Ti ravekirinek din tune. Bi rast\u00ee, arkeoloj\u00ee n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku gelek hestiy\u00ean mirovan li k\u00ealeka van perestgehan hatine d\u00eetin. Bi e\u015fkere, ev bermahiy\u00ean hestiyan \u00ean kes\u00ean ku hatine qurban\u00eekirin in. Jixwe t\u00ea zan\u00een ku p\u00eeram\u00eed li ser keda mutleq a koleyan hatine avakirin. Zordestiyek wisa ten\u00ea dikare kar\u00ea kujer\u00ea kast\u00eek\u00ea be.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea serdema tar\u00ee ya d\u00eerok\u00ea de, yamyamt\u00ee ji bo qatil kast\u00eek r\u00eabazek pir gelemper\u00ee ya debara jiyan\u00ea, aboriyek debara jiyan\u00ea b\u00fb. Ev yek ji rastiy\u00ean ku ke\u015fifger\u00ean Spanyay\u00ee li dora sala 1500 PZ li Aztekiyan p\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb man b\u00fb. Yamyamt\u00ee kevne\u015fopiyek b\u00fb ku heta w\u00ea dem\u00ea dom kir. Rastiya ku salane n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee b\u00eest hezar mirov dihatin qurban\u00eekirin hatiye e\u015fkerekirin. Di d\u00eeroka mirovahiy\u00ea de qonaxek wusa heye ku di nav perestgehan de bilind dibe. Ev despot\u00eezmek e ku bi tevah\u00ee li ser her ti\u015ft\u00ee serdest e. Ew xwedakirinek e. Kujer\u00ea kastkuj p\u00eeroziy\u00ea dide xwe. S\u00eestema kast\u00ea b\u00fbye negih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee, destneday\u00ee \u00fb b\u00eabertek. Heta \u00eero j\u00ee, s\u00eestema kast\u00ea li Hindistan\u00ea berdewam dike. \u015eop\u00ean wekhev ji Fen\u00eek\u00eeyan li Lubnan\u00ea \u00fb li Asya \u00fb Endonezyay\u00ea mane. Ev s\u00eestema kast\u00ea derbeya her\u00ee mezin e li ser mirovahiy\u00ea.<\/p>\n

L\u00eabel\u00ea, B\u00fbda ne di w\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea de b\u00fb ku anal\u00eezek sosyoloj\u00eek a w\u00ea bike. Ji bo ku sosyoloj\u00ee bigih\u00eeje ronakb\u00eeriy\u00ea, ew \u00ea hewce bike ku v\u00ea dabe\u015fb\u00fbna civak\u00ee ya ku ji h\u00eala s\u00eestema kast\u00ea ve hat\u00ee ferz kirin nas bike. Bi rast\u00ee, sosyal\u00eezm div\u00ea nirxandina xwe ya d\u00eeroka civak\u00ee bi p\u00eanasekirina v\u00ea s\u00eestema kast\u00ea dest p\u00ea bike. Ger sosyoloj\u00ee were kirin, div\u00ea kar\u00ea yekem p\u00eanasekirina s\u00eestema kast\u00ea be. Gir\u00eengiya B\u00fbda li ser v\u00ea yek\u00ea berbi\u00e7av e. Div\u00ea ev bibe prens\u00eebek bingeh\u00een a sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea. Sosyal\u00eezm div\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee s\u00eestema kast\u00ea wek\u00ee rastiyek civak\u00ee \u00e7areser bike, w\u00ea ron\u00ee bike \u00fb bi bermahiy\u00ean w\u00ea re \u015fer bike. Wek\u00ee ku em \u00ea pa\u015f\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan bidin, kap\u00eetal\u00eezma hey\u00ee qonaxa daw\u00een a v\u00ea s\u00eestema kast\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

2- Sosyoloj\u00ee B\u00eay\u00ee T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina Kujer\u00ea Kast\u00ea Nay\u00ea Kirin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zilam\u00ea di kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervanan de, bi ku\u015ftina ajalan, xwe vediguher\u00eene kujer. Ew \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee klana li dora jina dayik\u00ea ava b\u00fbye dike \u00fb talan dike \u00fb heta ji bo debara jiyan\u00ea n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eera mirovan dike. Bi dem\u00ea re, li \u015f\u00fbna yamyamtiy\u00ea, ew jinan wek\u00ee ti\u015ft\u00ean cins\u00ee bikar t\u00eene \u00fb zarokan dike kole da ku avahiya xwe ya civak\u00ee berfireh bike. Li gor\u00ee w\u00ee, karan\u00eena jin \u00fb zarokan ji ku\u015ftina wan bik\u00eartir e. Ji ber ku ew berhevkar\u00ean ba\u015f, avaker\u00ean ba\u015f, avaker\u00ean perestgehan \u00ean ba\u015f, cotkar\u00ean genim \u00fb ceh \u00ean ba\u015f in. \u00c7awa ku ew \u015f\u00eerdana ajalan \u00fb bidestxistina zarok\u00ean n\u00fb ji wan wek\u00ee bik\u00eartir ji serj\u00eakirin \u00fb xwarina wan a yekser dib\u00eenin, ew koletiya jin \u00fb zarokan j\u00ee wek\u00ee bik\u00eartir dib\u00eenin. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee koletiya jinan vedigere w\u00ea dem\u00ea. B\u00eay\u00ee t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina w\u00ea serdem\u00ea, ne mimk\u00fbn e ku meriv f\u00eam bike ka koletiya jinan \u00e7awa p\u00ea\u015fketiye. Veguhestina bo Neol\u00eet\u00eek\u00ea (\u00e7andiniya bir\u00eak\u00fbp\u00eak \u00fb jiyana bic\u00eehb\u00fby\u00ee) ne wek\u00ee ku t\u00ea fikir\u00een \u00fb gotin \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbye. Veguhestina bo Neol\u00eet\u00eek\u00ea qet bi dilxwaz\u00ee \u200b\u200b\u00fb bi \u00eerade neb\u00fb. Herwiha, gotin \u00fb \u00e7avd\u00eariy\u00ean derbar\u00ea belavb\u00fbna serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek\u00ea de, wek\u00ee “erd berhemdar b\u00fb, jiyanek dewlemend \u00fb ewle derket hol\u00ea \u00fb veguher\u00eena jiyaneke berhemdar bi dilxwaz\u00ee \u200b\u200bb\u00fb,” xelet in. Veguhestina serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek\u00ea bi tevah\u00ee bi zor \u00fb zordariy\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Ev encama \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ean kolekirin\u00ea \u00fb bikaran\u00eena bi bandor a tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiy\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea pergala kast\u00ea ve b\u00fb. Civak\u00ean n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan-berhevkar dikarin di demek pir kurt de hewcedariy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean xurek\u00ee ji xwezay\u00ea peyda bikin. Ew dikarin c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr xwarin\u00ean dewlemend bixwin. Ew dikarin bi azad\u00ee bigerin. Nexwe\u015fiy\u00ean jiyana bic\u00eehb\u00fby\u00ee li cem wan tuneb\u00fbn. Dem\u00ean wan \u00ean vala heb\u00fbn. \u00c7awa ku veguher\u00eena serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek\u00ea berhema berfirehb\u00fbna kast\u00ea ya li ser bingeha zor \u00fb zor\u00ea ye, berfirehb\u00fbna Neol\u00eet\u00eek\u00ea j\u00ee wisa ye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, veguher\u00eena jiyana bic\u00eehb\u00fby\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7andiniya r\u00eaxistinkir\u00ee ne bi dilxwaz\u00ee, ji ber pirb\u00fbn \u00fb berhemdariy\u00ea, l\u00ea bi zor\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Div\u00ea \u00e7avkaniya qurban\u00eekirina mirovan li vir were gerandin.<\/p>\n

E\u015fkere ye ku ev \u015f\u00eeroveya sosyoloj\u00eek e. Bi rast\u00ee, zanyar hene ku v\u00ea p\u00eavajoy\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee \u015f\u00eerove dikin, her \u00e7end bi qels\u00ee \u00fb b\u00ea s\u00eestemat\u00eek be j\u00ee \u00fb div\u00ea em spasiya wan bikin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, wek\u00ee ku B\u00fbda destn\u00ee\u015fan kiriye, xencer li pi\u015fta mirovahiy\u00ea ketiye \u00fb b\u00eay\u00ee qeb\u00fblkirina w\u00ea ne mimk\u00fbn e ku d\u00eeroka civak\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee rast were f\u00eamkirin.<\/p>\n

Kiryar\u00ean tirsnak \u00ean kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea civak, bi taybet\u00ee jin, \u015fok \u00fb tirsandiye. Ev \u015fok h\u00een j\u00ee di her kes\u00ee de, ji koleyan bigire heya proleter \u00fb cotkar\u00ean \u00eeroy\u00een, e\u015fkere ye. Ji ber ku cezay\u00ea dijberiya serdestiya kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea mirina tavil\u00ea ye. Kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea klanan m\u00eena \u00e7\u00fbkan n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer dike, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku dixwe dixwe \u00fb y\u00ean may\u00ee j\u00ee dike kole. Jin\u00ean kole hem \u00e7\u00ealekan dido\u015fin \u00fb hem j\u00ee nebatan berhev dikin. Wek\u00ee din, kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea dibe xwediy\u00ea jin\u00ea. T\u00eageh\u00ean ‘m\u00ear’ \u00fb ‘patriar\u015fiy\u00ea’ bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee derketin hol\u00ea. Heta \u00eero j\u00ee, \u00eetaeta mutleq a ji bo m\u00ear h\u00een j\u00ee pir gir\u00eeng e. Ger ‘jinek’ hinek\u00ee j\u00ee ji ‘m\u00ear\u00ea’ xwe d\u00fbr bikeve, ew tavil\u00ea t\u00ea ku\u015ftin. Ku\u015ftin\u00ean jinan \u00ean ku em dib\u00eenin bermahiy\u00ean z\u00eehniyeta kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea ne. Ev weh\u015fet ji w\u00ea dem\u00ea t\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Klub\u00ean n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea y\u00ean m\u00earan li dij\u00ee cins\u00ea xwe yamyamtiy\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dixin ku di heywanan de j\u00ee nay\u00ea d\u00eetin. Ew dibin yek\u00eeney\u00ean taybet \u00fb xw\u00een\u00ee. Ew reng \u00fb cil\u00ean c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr li xwe dikin. \u00cero, hin yek\u00eeneyan li ser r\u00fby\u00ean xwe \u015fekl\u00ean ec\u00eab x\u00eaz dikin. Ev hem\u00ee bermahiy\u00ean kujer\u00ean Kast\u00eelyay\u00ee ne. Li \u00cemperatoriya Osman\u00ee, “L\u00eewaya D\u00een” j\u00ee heb\u00fb, ku cil\u00ean ec\u00eab li xwe dikirin. Ew komeke Kast\u00eel\u00ee ya pir taybet b\u00fb, tirs belav dikir. Dema ku ev kom li Ewropay\u00ea xuya b\u00fb, her kes ji tirsan dileriz\u00ee. Ew navdar e; \u00cetal\u00eeyan gotinek heye, “Mamma mia” (Day\u00ea, ew hatine!). Koma Kast\u00eel\u00ee \u015fop\u00ean wisa ji k\u00fbrahiya d\u00eerok\u00ea heta roja \u00eero hene. \u00cero, dij-serhild\u00ear, \u00e7ete \u00fb mafyay\u00ean ku kar\u00ea wan ten\u00ea ku\u015ftin e \u00fb li ti\u015ftek\u00ee din nafikirin, bermahiy\u00ean kolanan \u00ean kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eel\u00ee ne.<\/p>\n

M\u00eerata kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eel\u00ee dikare bi tirsa bombeya atom\u00ee hem\u00fb mirovahiy\u00ea ji hol\u00ea rake. Ma ev normal e? Wek\u00ee ku B\u00fbda gotiye, h\u00fbn dikarin li ser \u00e7i n\u00eeqa\u015f bikin an biaxivin dema ku xencerek di pi\u015fta we de hebe? B\u00eay\u00ee f\u00eamkirina v\u00ee kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eel\u00ee, bila avakirina sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea nebe, sosyoloj\u00ee nay\u00ea kirin, ne j\u00ee exlaq an j\u00ee ol dikare were n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin. Kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eel\u00ee di dil\u00ea her ti\u015ft\u00ee de ye \u00fb zanist b\u00eay\u00ee \u00e7areserkirina v\u00ee kujer\u00ee nay\u00ea kirin.<\/p>\n

Bi rast\u00ee, div\u00ea ew bingeha zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee be. Derketina hol\u00ea ya kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea \u015fikestina yekem a mezin di p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna civak\u00ee de ye. Ev derketin di civaka dayiksalar\u00ee de \u015fikestina mezin diafir\u00eene. Dibe ku ew \u015fore\u015fa dij-\u015fore\u015fa her\u00ee mezin a d\u00eerok\u00ea be. Bersiva pirsa “d\u00eerok \u00e7i ye?” pi\u015ft\u00ee derketina hol\u00ea ya kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea ev e: D\u00eerok d\u00eeroka \u015fikestina civak\u00ea ji h\u00eala kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea ve ye, bindestkirina civak\u00ea di bin pergalek mezin a koletiy\u00ea de, destwerdana w\u00ea di hem pergala w\u00ea ya raman\u00ea \u00fb hem j\u00ee jiyana prat\u00eek\u00ee de \u00fb d\u00eeroka berxwedana civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee ya li dij\u00ee w\u00ea ya li ser bingeha kom\u00fbn\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Gir\u00eeng e ku meriv bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee d\u00eerok\u00ea bibe ji ber ku \u00e7i karesat\u00ean ku bi ser\u00ea karkeran, azad\u00eexwazan, bindestan de hatine, ji v\u00ea koma kast\u00ea hatine. Bel\u00ea, bir\u00fbsk l\u00ea dide, mirov dimirin. Volkanek diteqe, mirov di bin xweliy\u00ea de dimirin. Erdhejek \u00e7\u00eadibe, mirov dimirin. Baran nabare, hi\u015fkesal\u00ee \u00fb bir\u00e7\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00e7\u00eadibe, mirov dimirin. Nexwe\u015fiy\u00ean xwezay\u00ee, v\u00eerus, bakter\u00ee dikarin mirovan bikujin. Ev hem\u00fb li ser xwezaya seretay\u00ee ne \u00fb civak\u00ea tehd\u00eet dikin. F\u00eez\u00eek, k\u00eemya \u00fb biyoloj\u00ee dikarin p\u00ea\u015f bikevin da ku van b\u00fbyer\u00ean xwezay\u00ee fam bikin \u00fb bandor\u00ean wan \u00ean ney\u00een\u00ee li ser jiyana civak\u00ee k\u00eam bikin. Zanist dikare f\u00eam bike ka f\u00eez\u00eeka mirovan \u00e7awa dixebite, em \u00e7awa b\u00eahn dikin, em \u00e7awa dib\u00eenin; F\u00eez\u00eek, k\u00eemya, biyoloj\u00ee \u00fb heta ps\u00eekoloj\u00ee j\u00ee dikarin werin bikar an\u00een da ku l\u00eakol\u00een bikin \u00fb rave bikin ka dil, ser\u00ee, organ\u00ean hilberandin\u00ea \u00fb hestiy\u00ean mirov \u00e7awa \u00e7\u00eadibin. Bi gelemper\u00ee di v\u00ee war\u00ee de pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean mezin tune ne. L\u00eabel\u00ea, dema ku dor t\u00ea ser sosyolojiy\u00ea, div\u00ea her ti\u015ft bi awayek\u00ee c\u00fbda were n\u00eaz\u00eek kirin.<\/p>\n

Em hewl didin “pirsgir\u00eaka civak\u00ee” an j\u00ee pirsgir\u00eaka xwezaya duyem\u00een ron\u00ee bikin. Pirsgir\u00eaka sereke bi derketina hol\u00ea ya kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike. Wek\u00ee ku B\u00fbda gotiye, ti\u015ftek din nay\u00ea \u00e7areserkirin. Xencerek t\u00ea av\u00eatin \u00fb h\u00fbn di cih de dibin kole. Ev pirsgir\u00eaka her\u00ee mezin e. Jina ku ew \u00e7\u00eadike koleyek\u00ee mutleq e. Pa\u015f\u00ea, harem bi xatirxwestinan tij\u00ee b\u00fbn. Ev rew\u015fek tirsnak a tevah\u00ee ye. Ew m\u00fbc\u00eezeyek e ku kole sax dim\u00eenin, ji ber ku ew jixwe t\u00eane xwarin, ango ew yamyam in.<\/p>\n

Curey\u00ea mirovan li dij\u00ee \u015f\u00ear \u00fb pilingan hin parastin p\u00ea\u015fxistiye. W\u00ea li dij\u00ee nexwe\u015fiyan \u015f\u00eefakar perwerde kiriye. Mirovan dizanib\u00fb ka meriv \u00e7awa bi away\u00ean c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr li dij\u00ee van bipar\u00eaze \u00fb bij\u00ee. Wek\u00ee din, \u00ear\u00ee\u015f \u00fb pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean weha di nav s\u00eenor\u00ean mirovan de t\u00eane qeb\u00fbl kirin \u00fb bir\u00eavebirin. L\u00ea ten\u00ea ti\u015ft\u00ea ku nay\u00ea \u00e7areser kirin kiryara kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Bermahiy\u00ean pergala kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea v\u00ea yek\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan didin. Serdema ku t\u00ea behs kirin serdemek e ku ne k\u00eam\u00ee \u015fe\u015f hezar salan dom kiriye. Ev kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervanan demek dir\u00eaj ber\u00ea li Afr\u00eekay\u00ea dest p\u00ea kir, pa\u015f\u00ea wek\u00ee s\u00eestema ku\u015ftina kastan li seranser\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea belav b\u00fb \u00fb \u015fopa xwe hi\u015ft. Qonaxa daw\u00ee d\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb dewleta w\u00ea ya netewey\u00ee be. Heta niha, hem\u00ee zanist \u00fb felsefeyan ev p\u00eanase derxistine hol\u00ea. Ji ber ku zan\u00een li aliy\u00ea h\u00eaz\u00ea ye. Ji ber ku zan\u00een di bin fermana despot\u00eezm\u00ea de ye, ya kujer\u00ea kastan, tu kes nikare li dij\u00ee w\u00ea biaxive. Ew xwediy\u00ea h\u00eaza gotina peyvek rastiy\u00ea nine. Koka v\u00ea yek\u00ea dikare vegere kah\u00eenan ku wek\u00ee peyamber\u00ean kujer\u00ea kastan tevdigeriyan. Kah\u00eeney\u00ean Sumer\u00ee \u00fb Misr\u00ee di bin fermana pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ean xwedayan, F\u00eerewnan de b\u00fbn. F\u00eerewn hewcedar\u00ee wan b\u00fb, \u00fb ew j\u00ee hewcedar\u00ee F\u00eerewn b\u00fbn. Nimr\u00fbd wan sax hi\u015ft \u00fb wan Nimr\u00fbd sax hi\u015ft.<\/p>\n

3- \u00car\u00ee\u015fa Kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb As\u00eakirina Jinan di Mal\u00ea de<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tens\u00eeqkirina jinan di mal\u00ea de bi hilwe\u015fandina komunan ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eek xwe wek\u00ee pad\u00ee\u015fah-xweda \u00eelan kir, li dij\u00ee civaka dayiksalar\u00ee \u015fer kir \u00fb perestgeha xwedawend veguherand ‘musakattin’, an j\u00ee firo\u015fgehek. Komuna jinan a dayiksalar\u00ee li dij\u00ee Kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eek\u00ee li ber xwe da, l\u00ea kevne\u015fopiy\u00ean Zerde\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee jinan ji komunan veqetandin \u00fb wan di mala taybet de girtin. Ev yek bi taybet\u00ee di Qeb\u00eeleya \u00cebran\u00ee de balk\u00ea\u015f e. Di Tewrat\u00ea de gele peyv\u00ean ku jinan bi\u00e7\u00fbk dixin hene. Dema ku Kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eek jinan kole dikir, ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea wan di harem\u00ea de girtin. Harem kar\u00ea ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea ye; ew jinan kole dike. Ti bijarteyek din a jinan tune: ew an hevj\u00een in an j\u00ee kole ne. Jin bi tena ser\u00ea xwe nikarin li hember v\u00ea yek\u00ea li ber xwe bidin. Hypatia berxwedanek wusa n\u00ee\u015fan dide, l\u00ea ew nikare ji l\u00een\u00e7kirin\u00ea bireve.<\/p>\n

Kes\u00ean ku bi d\u00eerok \u00fb b\u00eerdoziya jinan re eleqedar dibin div\u00ea van ti\u015ftan l\u00eakol\u00een bikin. Ji bo ku d\u00eerok\u00ea qezenc bikin, p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku jina komunal were e\u015fkerekirin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ev \u00e7awa d\u00ea bibe, em \u00ea \u00e7awa bibin jin\u00ean kom\u00eenal? B\u00ea guman, div\u00ea jin forma “jin” \u00fb m\u00ear j\u00ee forma “bav-zilam-m\u00ear” bav\u00eajin. Kirina v\u00ea yek\u00ea d\u00ea bahoz\u00ean mezin \u00ean \u015fore\u015fger\u00ee \u00e7\u00eabike. Div\u00ea prat\u00eeka xwed\u00eekirina zarokan wek\u00ee milk\u00ea j\u00ee were terikandin. Zarok a\u00eed\u00ee civak\u00ea ne. Platon di pirt\u00fbka xwe ya “Dewlet” de v\u00ea yek\u00ea vedikole. Ew \u00ea ke\u00e7 \u00fb kur\u00ean \u00e7\u00eatir\u00een bigire \u00fb zarok\u00ean wan ji bo dewlet\u00ea mezin bike. B\u00ea guman, Hitler j\u00ee ev ceriband, l\u00ea r\u00eabaz \u00fb armanc xelet b\u00fbn. \u00c7areser\u00ee ew e ku zewac di wateya milk\u00ea de were rakirin.<\/p>\n

Jin bi xwezay\u00ee milk n\u00eene; ew heb\u00fbnek azad e. L\u00eabel\u00ea, di rew\u015fa xwe ya niha de, jin milk e. Di \u00e7av\u00ean civak\u00ea de, ew ke\u00e7 an jina kesek\u00ee ye. Jin nikare v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ea bibe; heke ew hewl bide, ew wek\u00ee “jinek xirab” t\u00ea d\u00eetin. Ger ke\u00e7ek heya ku bigih\u00eeje temen\u00ea zewac\u00ea nezewic\u00ee be, ew dib\u00eajin ku ew “di mal de maye.” Dayika w\u00ea xemg\u00een dibe \u00fb dib\u00eaje, “Me nekar\u00ee ke\u00e7a xwe bizewic\u00eenin, me ser\u00ea w\u00ea gir\u00ea neda” “Tu daxwazkar nehat.” Ax \u00fb wax dikin, dib\u00eajin “Xezala belengaz, w\u00ea \u00e7i bike? Ne m\u00ear\u00ea w\u00ea heye, ne zarok\u00ean w\u00ea hene, k\u00ee d\u00ea l\u00ea xwed\u00ee derkeve?” Wek\u00ee din, dibe ku nav\u00fbdeng\u00ea wan xirab bibe \u00fb dibe ku ew wek\u00ee fahi\u015feyan werin dermankirin.<\/p>\n

E\u015fkereye ku \u00eedeolojiya baviksalar dibe sedema karesat\u00ea. Cins\u00eeyet, zarok \u00fb bav bi tevah\u00ee nay\u00ean \u00eenkarkirin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, hejmara jin \u00fb m\u00ear\u00ean ku hem\u00ee h\u00eaviy\u00ean xwe bi zarokek\u00ee kur ve gir\u00eadidin qet ne hindik e. Gelek m\u00ear\u00ean nexwe\u015f \u00fb ps\u00eekopat\u00eek hene ku dib\u00eajin, “Heke ez nebim bav, ez nabim m\u00ear.” Ev dij-komunal\u00eezm e. Komun bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee \u00eedeolojiya dayiktiy\u00ea \u00fb bavpar\u00eaz\u00ee hate ku\u015ftin. \u00cero, m\u00eenak\u00ean malbat\u00ean ku di \u00e7av\u00ean zarokan de b\u00fbne cinawir pir belav in. Em dib\u00eenin ku malbat\u00ean wan \u00e7i bi zarok\u00ean pir pi\u00e7\u00fbk dikin. Ev hem\u00ee bermahiy\u00ean ku\u015ftina kast\u00ea ne ku heya roja \u00eero berdewam dike.<\/p>\n

Rastiya kom\u00een\u00ea cuda ye. H\u00eaza p\u00ea\u015feng di civaka kom\u00eenal de jin in. Civaka xwedawenda dayik\u00ea civaka yekem e. Taybetmendiya bingeh\u00een a mirovahiy\u00ea ew e ku ew heb\u00fbnek civak\u00ee ye. Civak\u00eeb\u00fbn bi r\u00eaya kom\u00eenalb\u00fbn\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dikeve \u00fb bi rew\u015fa der\u00fbn\u00ee ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Pirsgir\u00eakkirina civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea li ser bingeha zayend\u00ee ye. Par\u00e7eb\u00fbna klana navend\u00ee ya xwedawenda dayik\u00ea ji h\u00eala kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan an kl\u00eeka serdest ve destp\u00eaka pirsgir\u00eaka civak\u00ee ye. Li aliyek\u00ee, h\u00eaza serdest a li ser bingeha bajar, \u00e7\u00een \u00fb dewlet\u00ea heye; li aliy\u00ea din, be\u015f\u00ean bindest hene ku li gundan, \u00e7iya \u00fb \u00e7ol\u00ea li ber xwe didin – ev kom\u00een \u00fb e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb qeb\u00eele azad \u00ean berxwed\u00ear in.<\/p>\n

Ya gir\u00eeng p\u00ea\u015fxistina kom\u00een\u00ea ye \u00fb di p\u00ea\u015fxistina kom\u00een\u00ea de \u00eero, p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku li ser bingeha rastiya d\u00eerok\u00ee were \u00e7areserkirin. B\u00ea guman, ev celeb xebat d\u00ea bi qas\u00ee “Welat\u00ea Roj\u00ea” bi q\u00eemet be. Serokatiya serdema klana dayiksalar\u00ee div\u00ea \u00eero were n\u00fbjenkirin. M\u00eenak, li Rojava kom\u00eenek gund bi nav\u00ea Jinwar hatiye damezrandin. Ezm\u00fbna Jinwar \u00e7i ye? Ew cihek e ji bo jin\u00ean ku di tengasiy\u00ea de ne, ji zilm \u00fb heqaret\u00ean m\u00earan westiyane, dixwazin b\u00eahna xwe vedin \u00fb \u00ead\u00ee naxwazin di vegotin\u00ean m\u00earan de wek\u00ee am\u00fbr werin bikaran\u00een! Ji ber ku gelek jin hene ku t\u00ean bindestkirin \u00fb heqaretkirin. Jin di mal\u00ean xwe de j\u00ee cih nagirin ku b\u00eahna xwe bidin. P\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku hem\u00ee jin\u00ean ku ji malbat\u00ean xwe cuda dij\u00een, ji hev veqetiyane, heqaret li wan hatiye kirin, nexwe\u015f in \u00fb hwd. werin kom\u00een kirin. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de n\u00eaz\u00eekatiyek rad\u00eekal gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

Li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea, div\u00ea kom\u00een\u00ean ku \u00eero werin damezrandin bi \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya xwe ya d\u00eerok\u00ee re werin yek kirin. Dema ku kom\u00eenek t\u00ea damezrandin, div\u00ea jin wek\u00ee h\u00eaman\u00ean avakirina civak\u00ea werin hesibandin, wek\u00ee ku di serdema klana dayiksalar\u00ee de b\u00fbn. Rola jinan di nav kom\u00een\u00ea de div\u00ea pir gir\u00eeng be. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, heke em hewce bikin ku rew\u015fa hey\u00ee ya di derbar\u00ea avakirina kom\u00een\u00ea de \u00e7areser bikin, em dikarin van ti\u015ftan bib\u00eajin: Kom\u00een xwe disp\u00earin xweseriy\u00ea \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku proje werin p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Cih tune ku t\u00eem\u00ean pispor ji derve werin an\u00een da ku kom\u00eenek ava bikin. P\u00eadiv\u00ee bi perwerdehiya zarokan, nemaze ke\u00e7\u00ean ji heft sal\u00ee \u00fb tevahiya civak\u00ea heye. Bi r\u00eaya perwerdehiya komunal, jin \u00fb m\u00ear ji \u00e7erxa ‘mirina re\u015f, ku\u015ftin\u00ean bi nav\u00ea nam\u00fbs\u00ea, ku\u015ftinan…’ rizgar dibin. Ew h\u00eaza giyan\u00ee \u00fb der\u00fbn\u00ee bi dest dixin \u00fb kesayetiyek komunal bi dest dixin. Ew dibin jin\u00ean komunal, ne jin\u00ean malbat\u00ea. M\u00ear j\u00ee di komunal de dibin m\u00ear\u00ean wekhev. H\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee, komunal di v\u00ea al\u00ee de di\u00e7e \u00fb malbat dibe be\u015fek ji komunal. Astek r\u00eaxistin\u00ee ya xweser \u00fb xwebawer ten\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee dikare were bidestxistin.<\/p>\n

Sosyal\u00eest komunal e, komunal\u00eest e. Erka wan a yekem r\u00eaxistinkirina komunal e. Ji ber ku bingeha civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea komunal e. Div\u00ea di her war\u00ee de komunan\u00ean c\u00fbda werin damezrandin: werz\u00ee\u015f, perwerde, \u00e7and, j\u00eengeh, qada civak\u00ee, abor\u00ee, huner \u00fb hwd. Her ti\u015ft, her gav, her siyaset div\u00ea li dora komunal were p\u00ea\u015fxistin; ji ber ku komunal parad\u00eegmaya bingeh\u00een \u00fb ramana bingeh\u00een e. Ev yek hewcey\u00ea berhevkirina cid\u00ee ya zan\u00een, h\u00eaza rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee, felsefe \u00fb exlaq\u00ea ye. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, div\u00ea s\u00ea helwest\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean prens\u00eeb\u00ee hebin: demokras\u00ee, azad\u00ee \u00fb sosyal\u00eezm. Komun ten\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee dikare were p\u00ea\u015fxistin.<\/p>\n

Komun hewcey\u00ea toreke t\u00eakiliy\u00ean federat\u00eef e ku li ser bingeha xwer\u00eaveberiy\u00ea ye. Komun b\u00ea demokrasiy\u00ea nabe. Cewhera w\u00ea ya demokrat\u00eek ji xwer\u00eaveberiya w\u00ea t\u00ea. Demokrasiya komunal sosyal\u00eezm e \u00fb neteweya demokrat\u00eek j\u00ee neteweyek sosyal\u00eest e. Gel, di rastiy\u00ea de, dibe civakek netewey\u00ee, dibe neteweyek demokrat\u00eek. T\u00eageha d\u00eektatoriya proletaryay\u00ea pirsgir\u00eakdar e. Ji ber ku d\u00eektator\u00ee t\u00ea wateya zor\u00ea. Li vir cudah\u00eeyek rad\u00eekal t\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakirin. Demokras\u00ee ne li ser desteserkirina hik\u00fbmet\u00ea ye. Div\u00ea komuna ku were damezrandin demokrat\u00eek be, ango xwer\u00eaveber be.<\/p>\n

Desthilatdariya dewlet\u00ea \u00fb r\u00eaveber\u00ee ji hev cuda ne. B\u00eay\u00ee t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina v\u00ea yek\u00ea, anal\u00eezek rast a sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een ne mumkin e. Sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een \u00e7areseriya xwe wek\u00ee “fethkirina desthilatdariy\u00ea” dib\u00eene. Anar\u015f\u00eest bi tund\u00ee li dij\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea derdikevin. Anar\u015f\u00eest li dij\u00ee desthilatdariya mutleq \u00fb dewlet\u00ea ne. L\u00ea di dawiy\u00ea de, her du dibistan\u00ean raman\u00ea j\u00ee t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbne. Ji ber ku desthilatdar\u00ee ji m\u00earan re xwezay\u00ee ye. Rastiyek dewlet\u00ea ya ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve serdest e heye. T\u00eageha desthilatdariy\u00ea ji du xerabiyan k\u00eamtir e. Hem m\u00ear \u00fb hem j\u00ee jin dikarin bibin desthilatdar. L\u00eabel\u00ea, t\u00eageha her\u00ee rast “r\u00eaveber\u00ee” ye. Ev t\u00eageh ne ten\u00ea b\u00eaal\u00ee ye, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de zanist\u00eetir e. Di t\u00eakiliya bi civak\u00ea re, t\u00eageha r\u00eaveberiy\u00ea er\u00ean\u00eetir e. Hewldana anal\u00eezkirina civak\u00ea bi r\u00eaya desthilatdariy\u00ea an dewlet\u00ea dibe sedema xeletiy\u00ea. Di demokrasiya komunal de, b\u00ea guman prens\u00eebek r\u00eaveberiy\u00ea d\u00ea hebe. L\u00ea ev div\u00ea qet nebe desthilatdar\u00ee. R\u00eaveber\u00ee r\u00eaber\u00ee dike. Heta di pad\u00ee\u015fahiya nebatan de j\u00ee, hevtayek r\u00eaveberiy\u00ea heye. Hem\u00ee zindiyan \u015faney\u00ean hilberandin\u00ea hene. M\u00eenak, atoma h\u00eedrojen\u00ea atoma r\u00eaveberiy\u00ea ye. H\u00eaman\u00ean din j\u00ee pirjimar\u00ean w\u00ea ne. Di civak\u00ea de j\u00ee eyn\u00ee ye. Zarok bi r\u00eaya r\u00eaveberiya dayik\u00ea mezin dibin. Ziman\u00ea mirovan am\u00fbrek r\u00eaveberiy\u00ea ye \u00fb wek\u00ee wusa \u00e7\u00eadibe. Dema ku desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb dewlet derdikevin hol\u00ea, desthilatdariya r\u00eaveberiya jinan winda dibe. Jin, afir\u00eener\u00ean nirx\u00ea, dibin dir\u00eajkirina m\u00earan. L\u00eabel\u00ea, r\u00eaveber\u00ee bi \u015faneya reh ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Komun xwed\u00ee d\u00ees\u00eepl\u00eena xwe ya navxwey\u00ee \u00fb demokrasiy\u00ea ye. Di nav wekhevan de, ew kes heye ku bi ezm\u00fbn \u00fb xizmet\u00ea derdikeve p\u00ea\u015f. Li vir cih\u00ea \u015fef an j\u00ee sekreteriy\u00ea tune.<\/p>\n

Komun ne ten\u00ea r\u00eaveber\u00ee ye. Ew enerj\u00ee ye, \u015f\u00eawazek jiyan\u00ea ye \u00fb her weha celebek r\u00eaxistin\u00ea ye ku ji bo \u00e7areserkirina pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean jiyan\u00ea p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku were p\u00ea\u015fve xistin.<\/p>\n

Komun m\u00eena b\u00fbkek metru\u015fka ye. M\u00eenak, mecl\u00eesa baj\u00ear komuna gi\u015ft\u00ee ya w\u00ea dever\u00ea ye. Li bin\u00ee, dikarin komun\u00ean deh kesan hebin. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, avakirina bi hezaran komun li bajarek\u00ee ji bo r\u00eaxistin \u00fb jiyana komunal p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Komun t\u00eagehek hilber\u00eener e. Div\u00ea hem aboriyek w\u00ea hebe \u00fb hem j\u00ee \u00eedeolojiyek w\u00ea hebe. Komun seraya aboriy\u00ea ye. Div\u00ea her komunek qad\u00ean xwe y\u00ean hilber\u00een \u00fb xerckirin\u00ea hebin.<\/p>\n

Z\u00eehniyeta komunal\u00ea ya neteweyek demokrat\u00eek e. \u015eaneya la\u015f\u00ea neteweya demokrat\u00eek komun e. Netewey\u00ean cuda, zayend \u00fb \u00e7\u00een\u00ean civak\u00ee t\u00ea de t\u00eane tems\u00eelkirin. Cudahiy\u00ean civak\u00ee di qan\u00fbn\u00ean yek\u00eetiya komunal de t\u00eane naskirin. Komun ne malbat\u00ee ye \u00fb ne j\u00ee dewletpar\u00eaz e. Komuna Civaka Demokrat\u00eek komuna komunal e. Hem\u00fb komunal\u00eezm, ji komuna klan heta roja \u00eero, jin-navend\u00ee ye. Hem\u00fb civak\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala jinan ve hatine damezrandin komunal in. Jin ji civaka klana ya yekem ve ew kes in ku komunal\u00eezm bi dest xistine. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, div\u00ea komunal\u00eetey\u00ean ku jin-navend\u00ee ne di roja \u00eero de werin p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Div\u00ea were f\u00eamkirin ku b\u00ea komunal jinek azad nabe. Nirxa b\u00eahempa ya jiyan\u00ea komunal e. Jiyana komunal ew e ku d\u00ea jinan bidom\u00eene. Esas\u00ea v\u00ea jiyan\u00ea li \u00c7iyay\u00ean Zagros\u00ea t\u00ea d\u00eetin; ew pergala Xwedawenda \u00cenanna, Xwedawenda Ma ye. B\u00eeran\u00eena bi hezaran \u015feh\u00eedan dikare bi avakirina komunan\u00ean b\u00eahejmar \u00ean jiyana azad were vejandin. Ji ber ku civak niha b\u00ea komunan e, ew b\u00eakar \u00fb b\u00eaarmanc b\u00fbye. M\u00ear b\u00ea r\u00eaxistin in \u00fb hem\u00fb dema xwe li qehwexaneyan derbas dikin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ‘\u00e7iqas r\u00eaxistin z\u00eade be, ewqas heb\u00fbn’! Dev ji r\u00eaxistinb\u00fbn\u00ea berdan t\u00ea wateya ku kr\u00eezek heb\u00fbn\u00ee bij\u00een. Civak\u00ean ku pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean xwe y\u00ean heb\u00fbn\u00ee \u00e7areserkirine, civak\u00ean r\u00eaxistinkir\u00ee ne. R\u00eaxistin ew e ku d\u00ea diyardeya Kurd temam bike. Ji bo v\u00ea yek\u00ea, veguher\u00eenek mezin p\u00eaw\u00eest e. Em \u00ea d\u00eeroka xwe ya komunal hemb\u00eaz bikin \u00fb w\u00ea modern\u00eeze bikin.<\/p>\n

4- Ji Klan\u00ea heta Komun\u00ea: Berxwedana Bindestan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Xalek ku p\u00eadiv\u00ee bi zelalkirin\u00ea heye, t\u00eakiliya di navbera civak \u00fb komunan de ye. Ber\u00ee par\u00e7eb\u00fbna di navbera komunan \u00fb dewlet\u00ea de, civaka klan\u00ea heb\u00fb ku j\u00ea re ‘civaka dayiksalar’ t\u00ea gotin. Civaka dayiksalar di s\u00ee hezar sal\u00ean daw\u00ee de pir p\u00ea\u015fketiye \u00fb p\u00ea\u015f ketiye. Dibe ku civaka klan\u00ea li erdn\u00eegar\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ean c\u00fbda bi nav\u00ean c\u00fbda were binavkirin, l\u00ea avahiya w\u00ea ya civak\u00ee li her der\u00ea yek e. Klanek ji 20-30 kesan p\u00eak t\u00ea, dayiksalar e, hesasiyeta w\u00ea ya civak\u00ee bilind e \u00fb berhevkarek mezin e. Ew bi nebatan dixwin, n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eera heywan\u00ean pi\u00e7\u00fbk dikin \u00fb h\u00eakan berhev dikin.<\/p>\n

Serdemek wisa di d\u00eerok\u00ea de demek pir dir\u00eaj heb\u00fb \u00fb \u00eero j\u00ee heye. Ev civaka dayiksalar e. Dayik zarokan t\u00eene dinyay\u00ea \u00fb xwed\u00ee dike. Di civaka dayiksalar de, zarok\u00ean n\u00ear \u00fb m\u00ea hene, zarok xalt\u00ee \u00fb ap hene, \u00fb heke h\u00een sax bin, dap\u00eerek. \u00db ev civak par\u00e7e dibe. Kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea ap\u00ea di klana dayiksalar de dikuje, y\u00ean din dixwe \u00fb yamyamtiy\u00ea dike. Pa\u015f\u00ea, li \u015f\u00fbna ku wan bixwe, ew wan dike kole ji ber ku ew dib\u00eene ku ew ji bo karkirin\u00ea berhemdartir e. Jin ji bo \u00e7\u00eakirina koley\u00ean n\u00fb \u00fb ji bo kar t\u00ea kolekirin. Ev serdemek ber\u00ee t\u00eageha m\u00ear \u00fb jin\u00ea ye. Saziya malbat\u00ea h\u00een tune ye. Ji bo kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eek\u00ee, di destp\u00eak\u00ea de, t\u00eageh\u00ean m\u00ear, jin, malbat \u00fb hwd tune ne \u00fb civaka ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve serdest e j\u00ee xwed\u00ee z\u00eehniyetek wusa n\u00eene. Kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eel\u00ee van jinan ne wek\u00ee malbat, l\u00ea ji bo ku wan wek\u00ee koleyan bikar b\u00eene dih\u00eale. Z\u00eehniyeta koleyan, \u015f\u00eawaza jiyana koleyan, div\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee be. \u00c7anda li \u00c7iyay\u00ean Zagros\u00ea bi Zerde\u015ftiy\u00ea malbat\u00ea dide afirandin \u00fb \u00cebrah\u00eem malbata p\u00eeroz p\u00ea\u015f dixe. T\u00eageha malbat\u00ea li ser bingeha ol\u00ean yekxweday\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f dikeve \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee dibe taybetmendiyek bingeh\u00een a Tewrat\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Xala ku li vir were tekezkirin par\u00e7eb\u00fbna civaka klan\u00ea ye. Ya ku bi ser\u00ea jin\u00ea t\u00ea koletiya mutleq e. Y\u00ean ku dixwazin ji koletiy\u00ea birevin di\u00e7in \u00e7iyayan \u00fb qebileyan-\u00eal ava dikin. D\u00eeroka w\u00ea j\u00ee t\u00ea zan\u00een; Dabe\u015fb\u00fbna mezin li dora 10,000 BZ \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, \u00fb li dora Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (Gobekl\u00eetepe) \u015faristaniyek ava kir. Erdn\u00eegar\u00ee, flora \u00fb fauna ji bo v\u00ea pergal\u00ea pir guncaw in. Bermahiy\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb ved\u00eetin\u00ean arkeoloj\u00eek v\u00ea yek\u00ea pi\u015ftrast dikin. T\u00ea gotin ku e\u015f\u00eer li dora 12,000 BZ derketine hol\u00ea, \u00fb ev d\u00eerok rast e. Qeb\u00eeleyek di bingeh de kom\u00fbnek e. Her ku pergala kast\u00ea h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee di\u015fibiya dewletek\u00ea, e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean komunal veki\u015fiyan her\u00eam\u00ean parastin\u00ea. Ev n\u00ee\u015fana p\u00ea\u015fkeftina civatek bi tevah\u00ee c\u00fbda ye.<\/p>\n

Bala xwe bidin\u00ea ku \u00e7\u00een bi wateya ku em w\u00ea fam dikin tune ye. \u00c7\u00een ji klanek\u00ea dernakeve \u00fb kolet\u00ee j\u00ee nikare wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00een were hesibandin. Nakokiya bingeh\u00een di navbera kom\u00fbn \u00fb pergala kast\u00ea de ye. T\u00eageha \u00e7\u00een\u00ea bi ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike \u00fb heya roja \u00eero berdewam dike. \u00c7\u00een\u00ee di bingeh de forma b\u00ea maske ya pergala kast\u00ea ye. Kast nav\u00ea yamyamtiya (kan\u00eebal\u00eezma) maskekir\u00ee ye. Ji h\u00eala din ve, \u00e7\u00een pergala kast\u00ea ye ku maskeya xwe derxistiye \u00fb cil\u00ean xwe\u015fik li xwe kiriye. Dema ku koma kast\u00ea, li ser bingeha jiyana gund an \u00e7andiniy\u00ea, veguher\u00ee ar\u00eestokrasiyek\u00ea, avakirina \u00e7\u00eena w\u00ea li baj\u00ear veguher\u00ee burjuvaziy\u00ea. Her \u00e7iqas gav\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een \u00ean v\u00ea yek\u00ea li Sumer\u00ea hatine av\u00eatin j\u00ee, burjuvaz\u00ee bi giran\u00ee li dewlet-bajar\u00ea At\u00eenay\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f ket \u00fb ev yek j\u00ee At\u00eena kir bajar\u00ea model \u00ea \u00eedeal. S\u00eestema kast\u00ea, ar\u00eestokrat\u00ee \u00fb burjuvaz\u00ee h\u00eaman\u00ean bingeh\u00een in ku em hewl didin anal\u00eez bikin.<\/p>\n

S\u00eestema kast\u00ea li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (Gobekl\u00eetepe) derket hol\u00ea, d\u00fb re \u015f\u00eaweya w\u00ea ya siyas\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ee b\u00fb ar\u00eestokras\u00ee, \u00fb di dawiy\u00ea de, p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee li dever\u00ean wek\u00ee Att\u00eeka, Kartaca \u00fb Gir\u00eet\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f ket \u00fb d\u00fb re li Rojavaya pi\u015ft\u00ee Ronesans\u00ea, b\u00fb burjuvaziya bazirgan. Dema ku s\u00eestema kast\u00ea xwed\u00ee \u00e7and\u00ean obs\u00eedyen \u00fb kevir\u00ea heste-\u00e7aqmaq\u00ea b\u00fb, ar\u00eestokras\u00ee xwed\u00ee teknolojiya bronz a ji sifir \u00fb qalay\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakir\u00ee b\u00fb \u00fb bi van re, wan erebey\u00ean du-teker, rim, tewer, mertal, t\u00eer \u00fb kevan afirandin \u00fb teknolojiya her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee li seranser\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea belavkirin. Erebey\u00ean bronz \u00fb \u00e7ek\u00ean bronz m\u00eena tank\u00ean serdema xwe b\u00fbn. Ji h\u00eala din ve, burjuvaziy\u00ea h\u00eaza zanist \u00fb teknolojiy\u00ea bikar an\u00ee da ku s\u00eestema kap\u00eetal\u00eest ava bike. Her \u00e7end ev rast\u00ee be j\u00ee, mixabin, Marx xeletiya destp\u00eakirina d\u00eerok\u00ea bi t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee kir. Y\u00ea ku j\u00ea re karker t\u00ea gotin di rastiy\u00ea de kole ye. L\u00ea gelo v\u00ee koley\u00ee qet \u015fore\u015f kiriye? Na, w\u00ee nekiriye. Marx dixwest \u015fore\u015fek\u00ea bide wan. W\u00ee fikir\u00ee, “\u00c7\u00eena karker d\u00ea \u015fiyar bibe, hejmara w\u00ea d\u00ea z\u00eade bibe \u00fb ew \u00ea \u015fore\u015fek\u00ea bike.” L\u00ea \u015fore\u015fek wusa qet \u00e7\u00eaneb\u00fb. Piraniya kes\u00ean ku \u015fore\u015f p\u00eak an\u00een zarok\u00ean malbat\u00ean burjuva b\u00fbn. Marks kur\u00ea par\u00eazerek\u00ee b\u00fb, Len\u00een zarok\u00ea malbateke burjuva ya nav\u00een b\u00fb \u00fb Mao j\u00ee wisa b\u00fb. Bi gotineke din, yek \u015fore\u015fek ji aliy\u00ea \u00e7\u00eena karker ve wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00eenek nehatiye kirin. Ev utopyayek e, n\u00ear\u00eenek xeyal\u00ee ye \u00fb di rastiy\u00ea de bingehek w\u00ea tune. Hem di serdema kevnar \u00fb hem j\u00ee di Serdema Nav\u00een de, civatek koleyan pir belav b\u00fb. Di destp\u00eak\u00ea de, jin \u00fb zarok\u00ean kole j\u00ee heb\u00fbn, l\u00ea ev nikarin wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00een werin binavkirin. Ew wek\u00ee p\u00eavek, dir\u00eajkirin\u00ean pergala kast\u00ea ya m\u00earan heb\u00fbn. Ew organ, ti\u015ft\u00ean cins\u00ee \u00fb koley\u00ean ku kar\u00ea pergala kast\u00ea dikirin b\u00fbn. Wan perestgeh ava kirin, wan kel\u00fbpel hilberandin. Bila tu maf nebe, heta jiyana wan j\u00ee di dest\u00ea axay\u00ean wan de b\u00fb. Li Misr\u00ea, F\u00eerewnan ten\u00ea xwarina t\u00ear didan koleyan da ku zik\u00ea wan bixebite. Ten\u00ea kar\u00ea koleyan ew b\u00fb ku roj\u00ea b\u00eest \u00fb \u00e7ar saetan bixebitin.<\/p>\n

Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, heke \u00e7\u00een tune be, \u00e7i heye? Kom\u00fbn hene ku li dij\u00ee pergala kast\u00ea li ber xwe didin. Qeb\u00eeleyek nikare wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00een were binavkirin; qeb\u00eeleyek kom\u00fbn e. Di ziman\u00ea Kurd\u00ee de, “komun” t\u00ea wateya “komb\u00fbn”. “Komb\u00fbn” t\u00ea wateya civak, komb\u00fbn. Gund h\u00een j\u00ee wek\u00ee “kom” t\u00eane binavkirin. Ji h\u00eala et\u00eemoloj\u00eek ve, “Komb\u00fbn” peyvek e ku t\u00ea wateya civaka par\u00eazvan \u00fb xweparastin\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Li vir p\u00ea\u015fketinek gir\u00eeng heye. Ji civaka klan\u00ea ber bi civakek li ser bingeha kast\u00ea veqet\u00eenek heye. Pi\u015ftre, \u015faristaniyek li ser bingeha dewlet\u00ea ku em dikarin j\u00ea re d\u00eerokek niv\u00eesk\u00ee bib\u00eajin, ji civaka li ser bingeha kast\u00ea derdikeve hol\u00ea. Niv\u00eeskar\u00ean burjuwa ku li ser bajarvaniy\u00ea disekinin, v\u00ea yek\u00ea wek\u00ee \u015faristan\u00ee bi nav kirine, l\u00ea \u015faristan\u00ee di rastiy\u00ea de veguher\u00eena civaka li ser bingeha kast\u00ea ber bi jiyana bic\u00eehb\u00fby\u00ee ye. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku j\u00ea re \u015faristan\u00ee t\u00ea gotin perestgeh\u00ean bilindb\u00fby\u00ee \u00fb abor\u00ee, ziman, niv\u00eesandin, huner, perestgeh \u00fb hwd. ku li dora wan p\u00ea\u015f dikevin. Ango, bajar\u00ea civaka li ser bingeha kast\u00ea \u00fb civaka koleyan li dora w\u00ea. Hem\u00fb endam\u00ean perestgeh\u00ean Sumer\u00ee karker \u00fb kole ne. Ke\u015fe di perestgeh\u00ea de qatek jor\u00een a \u00e7\u00eakir\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakir ku xwed\u00ea l\u00ea dim\u00eene. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ke\u015fe j\u00ea re dib\u00eaje xwed\u00ea di rastiy\u00ea de r\u00eaber\u00ea civaka li ser bingeha kast\u00ea ye. Ke\u015fe bi xwe li j\u00ear w\u00ee ye \u00fb rola p\u00eaxemberek\u00ee dil\u00eeze. Dema ku xwed\u00ea li jor be, ke\u015fe li qata nav\u00een in \u00fb qat\u00ean j\u00ear\u00een \u00ean z\u00eeguratan odey\u00ean tij\u00ee koleyan dihew\u00eenin. Koleyan kanal kolandin \u00fb genim \u00e7andin. Encam aboriyek bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee b\u00fb. Ger civaka Sumer\u00ee ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin d\u00eeroka niv\u00eesk\u00ee, bi r\u00eak\u00fbp\u00eak were l\u00eakol\u00een kirin, d\u00ea were d\u00eetin ku ew bi tevah\u00ee bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, gelo ji bil\u00ee van koleyan civatek heye? Bel\u00ea, heye. Civaka ku di Destana Gilgam\u00ea\u015f de wek\u00ee “hov” t\u00ea binavkirin heye. Destan li bajar\u00ea Uruk\u00ea derbas dibe. Li \u00c7iyay\u00ean Zagros\u00ea, li her\u00eama li pi\u015ft \u00e7em\u00ean D\u00eecle \u00fb Zap\u00ea, e\u015f\u00eer hene ku wek\u00ee “hov” t\u00eane binavkirin. Van e\u015f\u00eeran r\u00eaberek bi nav\u00ea Humbaba heye. Enk\u00eedu, hevkar\u00ea yekem, dixwaze Qiral Gilgam\u00ea\u015f raz\u00ee bike ku v\u00ee r\u00eaber\u00ee bikuje. Bi rast\u00ee, ji ber ku koletiya kes\u00ean li de\u015ftan temam b\u00fb, wan dixwest y\u00ean li \u00e7iyayan j\u00ee kole bikin. Ev dibe forma destan\u00ee ya \u015fer\u00ea yekem \u00ea naskir\u00ee, an j\u00ee rasttir, pev\u00e7\u00fbna yekem. Esas\u00ea ti\u015ft\u00ea ku j\u00ea re t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee t\u00ea gotin ev dilema ye. Ev dilema p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee li van axan dest p\u00ea kir. Del\u00eel hene ku ew \u00e7awa \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbye \u00fb \u00e7awa p\u00ea\u015f ketiye. Bi awayek\u00ee ec\u00eab, ev p\u00ea\u015fkeftin bi r\u00eaya civatek proto-kurd p\u00eak hat ku \u00eero nav\u00ea w\u00ea ji d\u00eerok\u00ea hatiye j\u00eabirin, welat\u00ea w\u00ea j\u00ee ji h\u00eala gel\u00ea xwe ve t\u00ea \u00eenkarkirin. Ev nakokiyek ec\u00eab e ku h\u00eajay\u00ee gelek baldariy\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

5- Qeb\u00eele R\u00eaxistineke Parastin\u00ea ye<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bermah\u00ee e\u015fkere dikin ku s\u00eestema kujer a Kast\u00eek\u00ee di d\u00eerok\u00ea de demek pir dir\u00eaj heb\u00fbye \u00fb \u015fop\u00ean w\u00ea li seranser\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea t\u00eane d\u00eetin. Ev bermayiyan bi qatek ax\u00ea ya giran hatine nixumandin. Ev p\u00ea\u00e7andin n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku kiryarek pir cid\u00ee p\u00eak hatiye. Ew s\u00eestemek mezin e ku her\u00ee k\u00eam \u015fe\u015f hezar sal dom kiriye. Bi gotineke din, destp\u00eakek, p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek \u00fb encamek w\u00ea heye.<\/p>\n

Ma ji p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna s\u00eestema kujer a Kast\u00eek\u00ee ti\u015ftek ji bo mirovahiy\u00ea maye? Ya gir\u00eeng ev e. Dilema rast\u00een, d\u00eeroka rast\u00een \u00fb \u015fer\u00ea rast\u00een bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee dest p\u00ea dikin. S\u00eestema Kast\u00eek\u00ee xwe r\u00eaxistin dike, xwe ava dike \u00fb li hember w\u00ea sekinandin pir zahmet e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, klan\u00ean ku li dora jina dayik hatine avakirin \u00e7i dikin? B\u00ea guman, ew nikarin xwe li dever\u00ean de\u015ft, li de\u015ftan bipar\u00eazin, l\u00ea ew di\u00e7in dever\u00ean \u00e7iyay\u00ee \u00fb bilindahiy\u00ean bilindtir ku h\u00een negih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee ne. Ew vediki\u015fin cih\u00ean guncaw ji bo parastin\u00ea \u00fb hin am\u00fbr \u00fb r\u00eabaz\u00ean parastin\u00ea li dij\u00ee kujer\u00ea Kast\u00eek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f dixin. Ya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng, ew li l\u00fbtkey\u00ean \u00e7iyay\u00ean negih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee qeb\u00eeleyan ava dikin. Div\u00ea qeb\u00eele ji h\u00eala esl\u00ea xwe ve wek\u00ee r\u00eaxistin\u00ean parastin\u00ea werin hesibandin. Etn\u00ees\u00eete, e\u015f\u00eer \u00fb avahiy\u00ean qeb\u00eeley\u00ee di bingeh de yek\u00eene \u00fb avahiy\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean berxwedan\u00ea li dij\u00ee van \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ean kolekirin\u00ea ne. Ew yek\u00eeney\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een in, yek\u00eeney\u00ean xweparastin\u00ea y\u00ean qeb\u00eeley\u00ean ku ji bo parastina azadiy\u00ea \u00fb jiyana azad pabend in. \u00cedeolojiy\u00ean wan j\u00ee li ser xweparastin\u00ea ne.<\/p>\n

Qeb\u00eele r\u00eaxistineke parastin\u00ea ye. T\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna me ya naskirina v\u00ea taybetmendiya qeb\u00eeleyan, her \u00e7end em h\u00een j\u00ee \u015fop\u00ean k\u00fbr \u00ean civaka qeb\u00eeley\u00ee hildigirin, ten\u00ea bi korb\u00fbn\u00ea dikare were ravekirin. Ewqas hewl bidin ku civak\u00ea fam bikin, l\u00ea f\u00eam nekin ku qeb\u00eele r\u00eaxistineke parastin\u00ea ye!<\/p>\n

L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean etnoloj\u00eek e\u015fkere dikin ku r\u00eaxistina qeb\u00eeley\u00ee di bingeh de r\u00eaxistineke parastin\u00ea ye. \u00db bingeha w\u00ea li v\u00ea erdn\u00eegariy\u00ea hatiye dan\u00een. Ev rast\u00ee hem di niv\u00ees\u00ean p\u00eeroz \u00fb hem j\u00ee di d\u00eerok\u00ea de t\u00ea behskirin. Bingeha w\u00ea li N\u00eevgirava Bereket, ango li Mezopotamyaya Nav\u00een \u00fb Jor\u00een hatiye dan\u00een. Sumer\u00ee, As\u00fbr\u00ee \u00fb Yewnan\u00ee nav l\u00ea kirine. Wek\u00ee afir\u00eener\u00ean \u015faristaniy\u00ean mezin, ew b\u00fbn y\u00ean ku nav l\u00ea kirine.<\/p>\n

As\u00fbr\u00ee n\u00fbner\u00ean daw\u00een \u00ean ku\u015ftina m\u00eena kast\u00ea ne. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku di qesr\u00ean As\u00fbr\u00ee, xirbey\u00ean N\u00eenewa de hatiye kirin, tirsnak e. Ew yekem kes b\u00fbn ku ji ser\u00ee kelehan keleh ava kirin. Ji dema Gilgam\u00ea\u015f ve, pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ean Uruk\u00ea n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eera e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean Nair\u00ee, qeb\u00eeley\u00ean Botan \u00ean \u00eeroy\u00een ku Proto-Kurd in, kirine. Nairi konfederasyonek b\u00fb: konfederasyona qeb\u00eeley\u00ean Botan. V\u00ea konfederasyon\u00ea bi sedan salan li hember \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ean As\u00fbriyan li ber xwe da. Medan j\u00ee li dij\u00ee As\u00fbriyan parastineke s\u00eased sal\u00ee heb\u00fb. Niha bi gelemper\u00ee t\u00ea qeb\u00fblkirin ku Medan konfederasyonek b\u00fbn. Bi heman away\u00ee, Dewleta Urartu ku navenda w\u00ea li Wan\u00ea b\u00fb, bi qas\u00ee s\u00eased salan li dij\u00ee As\u00fbriyan \u015fer kir. Yek\u00eetiya bi \u015f\u00eawaza qeb\u00eeley\u00ee li dij\u00ee kujer\u00ean m\u00eena kast\u00ea y\u00ean As\u00fbriyan m\u00eenakek b\u00eak\u00eamas\u00ee ya parastina Kurdan e. Ya gir\u00eengtir, Medan di sala 612 BZ de li N\u00eenewa derbeya daw\u00ee ya kujer li As\u00fbriyan da. \u015eer\u00ea li vir ji h\u00eala konfederasyon\u00ean qeb\u00eeley\u00ee ve bi \u015fikl\u00ea Konfederasyona Nairi \u00fb Konfederasyona Med ve hate kirin. Ew m\u00eenakek mezin a parastina xwe ye. Ev pergala parastina xwe ya li ser bingeha e\u015f\u00eeran heta sedsala 20-an j\u00ee berdewam kir. Seyit R\u0131za \u00fb \u015e\u00eax Sait j\u00ee berevaniy\u00ean xwe li ser v\u00ea prens\u00eeb\u00ea ava kirin. Ev hem\u00fb rastiy\u00ean pir zelal in. Pirsgir\u00eak ev e ku em ji ber nekar\u00eena me ya \u015f\u00eerovekirina rast a d\u00eeroka xwe, nikarin bib\u00eenin ka ev \u00e7iqas s\u00eestemat\u00eek e.<\/p>\n

Wek\u00ee Kurd, em gazinan dikin, “\u00c7ima me \u00e7\u00eena karker p\u00ea\u015f nexistiye? Ev pa\u015fketinek mezin e. \u00c7ima burjuvaziya me tune? Ev j\u00ee pa\u015fketinek mezin e.” L\u00eabel\u00ea, ji roja ku pergala kast\u00ea derketiye hol\u00ea ve, em wek\u00ee qeb\u00eeley\u00ean parastin\u00ea sax mane \u00fb nasnameya Kurd h\u00een j\u00ee bi r\u00eaya e\u015f\u00eeran heye. Dema ku h\u00fbn wek\u00ee Kurdek dadikevin de\u015ftan, h\u00fbn dibin Ereb\u00ee, Sem\u00eet\u00eek; dema ku h\u00fbn di\u00e7in bakur, h\u00fbn dikevin tariy\u00ea. Ten\u00ea \u00eefadeya may\u00eendeb\u00fbn\u00ea ew e ku meriv bi serkeft\u00ee qeb\u00eeleya xwe bipar\u00eaze. \u00db bi rast\u00ee, ew dikin.<\/p>\n

Huriyan ezm\u00fbnek berbi\u00e7av berhev kirib\u00fbn; ew \u015fervan\u00ean qeb\u00eeley\u00ee y\u00ean bi heybet b\u00fbn. Enki bi nav\u00ea “xweday\u00ea j\u00eer \u00ea Sumeriyan” t\u00ea binavkirin. Ev ravekirinek ji bo despotek serdest e, l\u00ea rast e. J\u00eerb\u00fbn taybetmendiya her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a Enki ye. Belgeyeke niv\u00eesk\u00ee behsa “rov\u00eeyek\u00ee j\u00eer \u00ea H\u00fbriyan” dike. Ev t\u00ea v\u00ea watey\u00ea ku H\u00fbr\u00ee ew qas j\u00eer b\u00fbn ku di tomar\u00ean niv\u00eesk\u00ee de hatine belgekirin. Wan bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee li dij\u00ee Akadiyan, Bab\u00eeliyan \u00fb As\u00fbriyan ku hem\u00ee j\u00ee h\u00eaman\u00ean kast\u00ea b\u00fbn, parastin p\u00ea\u015f xistin. Ew \u015fer dikin \u00fb b\u00ea guman, H\u00fbr\u00ee dibin rov\u00eeyek\u00ee j\u00eer. Wek\u00ee ku t\u00ea zan\u00een, rov\u00ee ne n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eerek h\u00easan in; ew bi karan\u00eena r\u00eabaz\u00ean pir j\u00eer sax dim\u00eenin. Ev taybetmendiyek H\u00fbriyan b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Bi kurtas\u00ee, li dij\u00ee ku\u015ftina kast\u00ea parastinek etn\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb qeb\u00eeley\u00ea ya xweparastin\u00ea heye \u00fb ev wek\u00ee rastiyek bingeh\u00een a civakek wek\u00ee ya me derdikeve hol\u00ea.<\/p>\n

6- Li Hember Marks\u00eezm\u00ea Rexneya \u00c7\u00een\u00ee \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hin ramanwer, di ser\u00ee de M. Foucault, ji \u00e7avd\u00eariya “mirina Xwed\u00ea” w\u00eadetir di\u00e7in \u00fb mirina mirovahiy\u00ea di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya t\u00eakiliya Xwed\u00ea-mirov de \u00eelan dikin. Li gor\u00ee Foucault, mirovah\u00ee bi kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea re dimire. B\u00ea guman ev \u00e7avd\u00eariyek pir gir\u00eeng e. Ger sosyal\u00eezm were n\u00fbkirin, div\u00ea bi v\u00ea t\u00eageh\u00ea were n\u00fbkirin. Pirs\u00ean ku vej\u00eena mirovahiy\u00ea \u00e7awa gengaz dibe \u00fb civakek dij-kap\u00eetal\u00eest – ku sosyal\u00eezm e – \u00e7awa d\u00ea were damezrandin, div\u00ea di ronahiya rastiy\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee de werin bersivandin.<\/p>\n

Marks dib\u00eaje ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm diyardeyek zanist\u00ee ye \u00fb dikare bi zanist\u00ee were l\u00eakol\u00eenkirin. Er\u00ea, ew kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea \u015fermezar dike, gelek cinawir\u00ean w\u00ea vedib\u00eaje, l\u00ea di dawiy\u00ea de dib\u00eaje ku ew serdemek p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee ye. Ew kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea wek\u00ee qonaxa civak\u00ee ya her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee heya dema xwe \u00fb qonaxek p\u00eaw\u00eest ji bo veguheztina sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea dib\u00eene. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, li vir rexneyek \u00fb \u015fikestinek rad\u00eekal hewce ye. Bi rast\u00ee, sosyal\u00eezma rast\u00een bi xwe ev \u015fikestin \u00e7\u00eakir. W\u00ea di prat\u00eeka xwe de n\u00ee\u015fan da ku sosyal\u00eezmek wusa nikare sosyal\u00eezm be. Div\u00ea were b\u00eeran\u00een ku te\u015fh\u00eesek xelet nikare tu nexwe\u015fek xilas bike. Her \u00e7iqas m\u00fbc\u00eeze b\u00ean n\u00ee\u015fandan j\u00ee, eger te\u015fh\u00ees xelet be, nexwe\u015f dimire; ji ber ku te\u015fh\u00ees xelet e. Te\u015fh\u00eesa civak\u00ee ya Marks j\u00ee xelet b\u00fb. Li \u015f\u00fbna pirt\u00fbka xwe ya Sermaye, div\u00ea Marks li ser civatek kujer a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea biniv\u00eesa. Ger w\u00ee nav\u00ea w\u00ea ji bil\u00ee Sermaye bi ti\u015ftek\u00ee din bidaya, ew \u00ea bigih\u00ee\u015fta encam\u00ean c\u00fbda \u00fb celebek sosyal\u00eezma c\u00fbda p\u00ea\u015f bixista. W\u00ea dem\u00ea c\u00eehan d\u00ea ne ew c\u00eehana \u00eero be.<\/p>\n

Materyal\u00eezma d\u00eerok\u00ee dib\u00eaje ku “d\u00eerok d\u00eeroka t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ye.” L\u00ea civatek kujer a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea heye. Div\u00ea Marks ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea ney\u00ea s\u00fbcdarkirin, ji ber ku arkeoloj\u00ee, wek\u00ee ku em \u00eero dizanin, w\u00ea dem\u00ea h\u00een tune b\u00fb. Marks n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya xwe li ser daney\u00ean zanist\u00ea ava kir. L\u00eabel\u00ea, dikare were gotin ku Marks li ser daney\u00ean dema xwe sosyoloj\u00eeyek teng \u00fb neba\u015f p\u00eak an\u00ee. W\u00ee dixwest bi pirt\u00fbka xwe ya Sermaye gavek\u00ea bav\u00eaje, l\u00ea ew nekar\u00ee w\u00ea biqed\u00eene. Ew t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fb. Ji ber ku w\u00ee z\u00eade li ser dewleta netewey\u00ee negot. B\u00ea guman, niyeta w\u00ee ya ba\u015f nay\u00ea gumankirin, l\u00ea ji ber ku rastiya koletiy\u00ea bi bingeh\u00een nehat f\u00eamkirin \u00fb derbaskirin, mixabin sosyal\u00eezma ku w\u00ee bingeh\u00ea w\u00ea dan\u00ee nikarib\u00fb bi ser bikeve. \u00c7awa ku jin di civak\u00ean klan-qeb\u00eeley\u00ee de kole b\u00fbn \u00fb wek\u00ee kel\u00fbpel\u00ean xizmetkirina pergal\u00ea dihatin bikaran\u00een, r\u00eaya ku Marks vekir j\u00ee s\u00fbd ji sermayey\u00ea re an\u00ee. Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, ‘Sermaye’ xizmet ji sermayey\u00ea re kir. ‘Sermaye’ bi rast\u00ee b\u00fb sermaye, \u00fb ew j\u00ee bi v\u00eezyona utop\u00eek a Marks a komun\u00eezm\u00ea. Sosyal\u00eezma real, bi dor\u00ea, b\u00fb dibistanek raman\u00ea ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea sedsalek domand.<\/p>\n

Di Marks de, d\u00eektatoriya proletaryay\u00ea heye ku di\u015fibihe ya burjuvaziy\u00ea. Di Len\u00een de, ev \u015fikl\u00ea ‘dewletek sosyal\u00eest’ digire \u00fb di Stal\u00een de, ew p\u00eakan\u00eena xwe dib\u00eene. Len\u00een \u00fb Mao nekar\u00een demokrasiy\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f bixin. Li \u00c7\u00een\u00ea, Deng Xiaoping dewletek kap\u00eetal\u00eest a b\u00eak\u00eamas\u00ee ava kir. Stal\u00een bi heman reng\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezmek dewletek b\u00eak\u00eamas\u00ee ava kir \u00fb demokras\u00ee nekar\u00ee kok bigire.<\/p>\n

Di namey\u00ean ku di sala 1858an de ji Ferdinand Lassalle \u00fb Engels re niv\u00eesandiye de, Marks niyeta xwe ya niv\u00eesandina van pirt\u00fbkan diyar kiriye:<\/p>\n

1- Sermaye<\/p>\n

2- Mulkiyeta Ax<\/p>\n

3- Keda Bi Mea\u015f<\/p>\n

4- Dewlet<\/p>\n

5- Bazirganiya Navnetewey\u00ee<\/p>\n

6- Bazara C\u00eehan\u00ea<\/p>\n

Ya yekem ji van \u015fe\u015f pirt\u00fbkan Sermaye ye. W\u00ee ten\u00ea cilda yekem a pirt\u00fbka yekem di sala 1867\u2019an de temam kir. Engels cild\u00ean duyem \u00fb s\u00eayem \u00ean van pirt\u00fbkan sererast kir. Marks ji bo cild\u00ean may\u00ee j\u00ee dev ji wext veqetandin\u00ea berde wext ned\u00eet p\u00ea\u015fn\u00fbmey\u00ea (re\u015fnivisek) j\u00ee amade bike. Ev yek sosyal\u00eezm \u00fb Marks\u00eezm netemam kir, ji ber ku pirt\u00fbk\u00ean ku d\u00ea bingehek p\u00eak b\u00eenin \u00fb y\u00ean ku div\u00ea werin niv\u00eesandin nehatin temam kirin. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, gelek anal\u00eez\u00ean gir\u00eeng \u00ean ku diviyab\u00fb bihatana kirin nehatin kirin. Marks di dema jiyana xwe de nekar\u00ee van temam bike. Len\u00een Dewlet \u00fb \u015eore\u015f niv\u00eesand, l\u00ea ew nekar\u00ee bi tevah\u00ee ji rew\u015f\u00ea derkeve. W\u00ee her tim digot, “Terazin, zinar.” Bi rast\u00ee, di sala 1922\u2019an de, ew zinar d\u00ea dawiya Len\u00een be. Mao j\u00ee behsa “\u015fore\u015feke \u00e7and\u00ee” kir, bawer dikir ku ew \u00ea bi w\u00ea ti\u015ftan bi dest bixe. Encam ‘\u015fore\u015fa’ kap\u00eetal\u00eest a Deng Xiao ping b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Di rastiy\u00ea de, nirxandina ‘kast\u00eek\u00ee’ hem di Platon \u00fb hem j\u00ee di Marks de heye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, wan giraniya tevah\u00ee nedaye w\u00ea. Ev ne ji ber ku wan bi tevah\u00ee ew ji b\u00eer kiriye, l\u00ea ji ber ku wan gir\u00eengiya w\u00ea f\u00eam nekirine \u00fb li gor\u00ee w\u00ea anal\u00eezek sosyoloj\u00eek, siyas\u00ee \u00fb d\u00eerok\u00ee ya cid\u00ee nekirine. Civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee di pirt\u00fbk\u00ean din de hema hema cih nagire. Ev bi tevah\u00ee t\u00ea f\u00eamkirin, ji ber ku heke wan bikira, ew \u00ea rastiya xwe di neynik\u00ea de bib\u00eenin. Zanist di xizmeta h\u00eaz, qesr, serwer \u00fb desthilatdariy\u00ea de ye. Ji zanistek wusa ti\u015ftek ba\u015f nay\u00ea h\u00eav\u00eekirin. Zanyar dibe koleyek\u00ee mutleq \u00fb serwer bi xizmeta xwe sax dim\u00eene. Ji kevnar heya roja \u00eero, zanist di xizmeta h\u00eaz\u00ea de b\u00fbye. H\u00eaz zanist\u00ea t\u00eene dinyay\u00ea \u00fb zanist j\u00ee h\u00eaz\u00ea t\u00eene dinyay\u00ea. Bi v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea, akadem\u00ee b\u00eadeng dim\u00eene wek\u00ee ku ti\u015ftek wusa tune be. Her \u00e7end hebe j\u00ee, ew wek\u00ee h\u00fbrguliyek pi\u00e7\u00fbk an agahdariya di nav kevanek\u00ee de behsa w\u00ea dike. L\u00ea wek\u00ee ku t\u00ea d\u00eetin, rast\u00ee pir c\u00fbda ye. Di d\u00eeroka civak\u00ee de serdemek berfireh a yamyamtiy\u00ea (kan\u00eebal\u00eezm\u00ea) heye. Li Urfay\u00ea, d\u00eerokeke 15,000 sal\u00ee heye ku li ser gelek gir\u00ean ku mirovkuj\u00ee l\u00ea dihat kirin xuya ye.<\/p>\n

Di dema Marks de, zan\u00eena wisa li ser d\u00eeroka mirovahiy\u00ea tune b\u00fb. Ji ber ku arkeoloj\u00ee h\u00een negih\u00ee\u015ftib\u00fb v\u00ea ast\u00ea. Marks pa\u015f\u00ea pirt\u00fbk\u00ean Morgan xwend, civaka R\u00fbsyay\u00ea l\u00eakol\u00een kir \u00fb got, “Klan\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea dikarin bingeha sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea ava bikin.” Di rastiy\u00ea de, Marks, ber bi dawiya jiyana xwe ve, hin xelet\u00ee \u00fb k\u00eamasiy\u00ean xwe f\u00eam kir \u00fb xwest wan rast bike. W\u00ee gelek defter girtin \u00fb not girtin. Pi\u015ft\u00ee Komuna Par\u00ees\u00ea, w\u00ee dest bi tekez kirina li ser peyva “komun” kir \u00fb cudah\u00eeyek di navbera dewlet \u00fb komunan de kir. W\u00ee heta dawiya jiyana xwe bi fedakariyek mezin xebit\u00ee. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku em li vir hewl didin bikin, nikare wek\u00ee dijberiya Marks were \u015f\u00eerove kirin. Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, ew hewldanek e ku Marks\u00eezm\u00ea vej\u00eene. Ev ji ber ku em endam\u00ean t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena mezin a komunal in t\u00ea kirin.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee rastiya ku ji h\u00eala rastiy\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee ve hat\u00ee e\u015fkerekirin, d\u00eerok ne li ser t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee, l\u00ea li ser t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena di navbera kujer\u00ea civak\u00ee y\u00ea li ser bingeha kast\u00ea \u00fb komunan\u00ean parastin\u00ea de ye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea me berxwedana Proto-Kurdan ji civaka xwe wek m\u00eenak da ku bermahiy\u00ean wan \u00ean parastin\u00ea li dij\u00ee dewleta kujer a kastan h\u00een j\u00ee bi berfireh\u00ee xuya dibin.<\/p>\n

7- Serdema Ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.Childe, bav\u00ea t\u00eag\u00eena ‘\u015eore\u015fa Neol\u00eet\u00eek’, di pirt\u00fbka xwe ya “Di D\u00eerok\u00ea de \u00c7i Qewim\u00ee?” de, dema ku hem li ser serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek \u00fb hem j\u00ee li ser destp\u00eaka \u015faristaniy\u00ea li Ewropay\u00ea l\u00eakol\u00een dike, hin nakokiyan dib\u00eene. Ew hewce dib\u00eene ku bersiva pirsa “Ar\u00eestokras\u00ee ji ku derketiye?” bide.<\/p>\n

Dema ku teza xwe \u00e7\u00eadike, ew li d\u00fb pirs\u00ean ku derdikevin digere. Ew dipirse gelo ar\u00eestokras\u00ee dibe ku li de\u015ft\u00ean Danub\u00ea derketibe hol\u00ea. Bersiva ku ew digih\u00eeje ev e ku \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean ku d\u00ea ar\u00eestokrasiyek\u00ea derx\u00eenin hol\u00ea li Ewropay\u00ea tune b\u00fbn. Ewropay\u00ea serdemeke Neol\u00eet\u00eek a dereng jiya. Kelt heb\u00fbn, komek ko\u00e7ber, l\u00ea navend \u00fb cih\u00ea wan \u00ea esl\u00ee li wir tuneb\u00fb. Kelt bi giran\u00ee be\u015fek ji ko\u00e7beriy\u00ean Aryan p\u00eak dian\u00een ku ber bi rojava ve dir\u00eaj dib\u00fbn. V\u00ea car\u00ea, G. Childe li ser bakur\u00ea Deryaya Re\u015f, her\u00eama ku ji h\u00eala Sk\u00eetan ve t\u00ea ni\u015ftec\u00eehkirin, disekine. Ew difikire ku ar\u00eestokras\u00ee dibe ku p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee li de\u015ft\u00ean Ukraynay\u00ea derketibe hol\u00ea. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ew digih\u00eeje w\u00ea encam\u00ea ku Ukraynay\u00ea komb\u00fbnek ku d\u00ea bibe sedema ar\u00eestokrasiyek\u00ea jiyaye. V\u00ea car\u00ea, ew ber\u00ea xwe da Qefqasyaya Bakur, l\u00ea li wir j\u00ee ew t\u00eara xwe qelebalix ned\u00eet ku ar\u00eestokrasiyek\u00ea \u00e7\u00eabike. Ber bi dawiya jiyana xwe ve, ew gih\u00ee\u015ft w\u00ea raman\u00ea ku Qefqasyaya Ba\u015f\u00fbr, ango s\u00eestema Zagros-Toros, dikare bibe cih\u00ea jidayikb\u00fbna ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea.<\/p>\n

L\u00eabel\u00ea, Yewnaniyan li Medyay\u00ea pir derengtir, di encama \u015fer\u00ean xwe y\u00ean bi e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean Zagros-Toros re, li ser v\u00ea pergal\u00ea f\u00ear b\u00fbn. Wan li ser bingeha encam\u00ean ezm\u00fbn\u00ean qism\u00ee li Misr\u00ea \u00fb bi piran\u00ee li Medyay\u00ea teor\u00eeze kirin.<\/p>\n

Li Mezopotamyay\u00ea, ji bil\u00ee \u015fore\u015fa Neol\u00eet\u00eek, Serdema Bronz j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f ket. Ved\u00eetina \u00e7ek \u00fb am\u00fbr\u00ean bronz v\u00ea yek\u00ea \u00eespat dike. \u00c7ek\u00ean bronz j\u00ee di avahiya ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek de rolek gir\u00eeng l\u00eestin. \u00c7ek\u00ean bronz s\u00eestema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek afirandin. Serdema erebeyan m\u00eena s\u00eestema tank\u00ean \u00eeroy\u00een e. Dema ku erebey\u00ean \u00e7ekdar \u00ean bi hespan hatin ki\u015fandin derketin hol\u00ea, kes nikarib\u00fb r\u00ea li ber wan bigire. Ev j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeftinek e ku bi giran\u00ee ji Mezopotamyaya Jor\u00een derdikeve. Erdn\u00eegariya Mezopotamyay\u00ea ji her al\u00ee ve ji bo van p\u00ea\u015fkeftinan guncan b\u00fb. Heta \u00eero j\u00ee, \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean sereke y\u00ean dewlemendiy\u00ea li vir in. Ev her\u00eam \u00e7avkaniya p\u00ea\u015fketina \u00e7\u00een \u00fb civak\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Serdema Bronz ber bi dawiya serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek ve, li ser bingeha teknolojiya bronz p\u00ea\u015f ket. Am\u00fbr \u00fb j\u00eahat\u00eey\u00ean tekn\u00eek\u00ee y\u00ean wek\u00ee kolandin \u00fb \u00e7erx di n\u00ee\u015fandana berfirehiya p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ea di v\u00ea serdem\u00ea de gir\u00eeng in. Her \u00e7end \u00eecadkirina \u00e7erx\u00ea vedigere dem\u00ean ber\u00ea j\u00ee, karan\u00eena w\u00ea di erebeyan de b\u00fb sedema avantajeke tekn\u00eek\u00ee ya gir\u00eeng. \u00c7ek\u00ean bronz, li \u015f\u00fbna \u00e7ek\u00ean kevir\u00ee \u00fb obs\u00eedyen\u00ea \u00fb erebey\u00ean bi teker \u00ean bi hesp\u00ean ku bi wan ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee b\u00fbn pir bi bandor b\u00fbn. \u00c7awa ku tank \u00fb teknolojiya balafiran \u00e7aren\u00fbsa \u015fer\u00ean \u00eeroy\u00een guhertiye, van tekn\u00eekan di w\u00ea serdem\u00ea de \u00e7aren\u00fbsa \u015fer guhertiye. Dadgeh\u00ean Misr\u00ea bi berdewam\u00ee hewl didan ku erebe \u00fb \u00e7ekan ji M\u00eetan\u00ee bi dest bixin. T\u00ea f\u00eamkirin ku di navbera Misr\u00ee \u00fb M\u00eetan\u00ee de dan\u00fbstandineke gir\u00eeng a erebe \u00fb z\u00ear heb\u00fb. Wek\u00ee din, wek\u00ee di doza Nefert\u00eet\u00ee de, zewaca bi dadgeha pad\u00ee\u015fah re j\u00ee bandorker b\u00fb, wek\u00ee ku di niv\u00eesar\u00ean w\u00ea serdem\u00ea de t\u00ea vegotin.<\/p>\n

1.a) Seyarey\u00ean \u015eer \u00ean Bronz \u00ean Ar\u00eestokratan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ji bo ji \u00c7\u00een\u00ea heya \u00cerlanday\u00ea bi\u00e7e p\u00eaw\u00eest\u00ee bi seyareyek heb\u00fb. \u00c7awa ku fir\u00eena bilez a balafiran \u00eero dih\u00eale ku pergala gerd\u00fbn\u00ee c\u00eehan\u00ea fetih bike, teknoloji j\u00ee ewqas gir\u00eeng e. \u00c7\u00eena ar\u00eestokrat li ser v\u00ea bingeha teknoloj\u00eek \u00e7\u00eadibe. Kel\u00fbpel\u00ean bronz wek\u00ee seram\u00eek t\u00eane \u00e7\u00eakirin. Ev j\u00ee li Urartu pir p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee ne. Her \u00e7end ber\u00ea teknolojiyek li ser bingeha obs\u00eedyen\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fketib\u00fb j\u00ee, di v\u00ea serdem\u00ea de em \u015fahid\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fkeftina am\u00fbr\u00ean ku ji metal\u00ean pir h\u00eaja y\u00ean wek\u00ee z\u00ear, z\u00eev \u00fb bronz hatine \u00e7\u00eakirin dibin. Pergala ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek di d\u00eerok\u00ea de wek\u00ee “\u015eore\u015fa Bronz” t\u00ea zan\u00een. Di Serdema Bronz de, \u00e7\u00eenek ar\u00eestokrat a diyarkir\u00ee \u015fiyana \u00e7ekdarkirina xwe bi dest dixe. Ev ne komek pi\u00e7\u00fbk in, l\u00ea m\u00ear\u00ean ku bi \u00e7ek\u00ean bronz \u015fer dikin. Ev pergal hinek\u00ee di\u015fibihe dewletek\u00ea. Bi \u015eore\u015fa Bronz re, her \u00e7end erd dikarib\u00fb k\u00fbrtir were kolandin j\u00ee, gul \u00fb am\u00fbr\u00ean veguhastin\u00ea hatin p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Teknolojiya her\u00ee diyarker seyara bi hespan t\u00ea ki\u015fandin e. Ev erebe avantajek mezin peyda dikin. Erebey\u00ean bronz vedigerin 2000 BZ. Ew di sal\u00ean 2000 BZ de li ser dika d\u00eerok\u00ee derket hol\u00ea \u00fb roleke sereke l\u00eest. Ev yek serdemeke ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea da destp\u00eakirin ku, ji sala 3000 BZ dest p\u00ea kir, serdestiyeke abor\u00ee, siyas\u00ee \u00fb le\u015fker\u00ee ya b\u00eak\u00eamas\u00ee bi dest xist. Ev b\u00fbyereke gir\u00eeng b\u00fb. Div\u00ea ew ten\u00ea wek\u00ee kevne\u015fopiyeke ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek ney\u00ea pa\u015fguhkirin. Ev p\u00eakhateyeke m\u00eena kast\u00ea ye. Ji v\u00ea re serdema pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ean xwed\u00ea t\u00ea gotin.<\/p>\n

Xanedaniy\u00ean Yekem, Duyem \u00fb S\u00eayem li Sumer wiha b\u00fbn; li Misr\u00ea, hem\u00ee xanedaniy\u00ean heta Xanedaniya 15em\u00een pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ean xwed\u00ea b\u00fbn. Nim\u00fbney\u00ean bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee li Hindistan \u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ea j\u00ee hene. Erebey\u00ean bronz li dora sala 1700 BZ derbas\u00ee Misr\u00ea b\u00fbn \u00fb bi tevah\u00ee ew fetihkirin. Di navbera sal\u00ean 1700-1600 BZ de, Aryaniy\u00ean ku \u00e7\u00fbn Hindistan\u00ea her ti\u015ft\u00ea kevnar birin. Bermahiy\u00ean erebey\u00ean ku d\u00eeroka wan vedigere sal\u00ean 1600-1500 BZ li \u00c7\u00een\u00ea hatine d\u00eetin, ku n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku ew ji dever\u00ean din hatine an\u00een. Erebey\u00ean bronz bingeha Xanedaniya Shang li wir p\u00eak an\u00een. \u015earistaniya daw\u00ee ya Sumer\u00ee, Bab\u00eel, li dora sala 1600 BZ hate hilwe\u015fandin.<\/p>\n

H\u00eet\u00eetan j\u00ee li Anatoliy\u00ea heman ti\u015ft kirin, d\u00eeroka wan j\u00ee vedigere dora 1700-1600 BZ. Li At\u00eenay\u00ea, Yewnaniyan di serdema ‘dem’ de dora 1200 BZ bingeh\u00ean ar\u00eestokrasiyek t\u00eep\u00eek dan\u00een. Lat\u00een\u00ee li n\u00eevgirava \u00cetalyay\u00ea, Kelt\u00ee li N\u00eevgirava \u00ceber\u00ee, \u00fb y\u00ean li \u00cerlanda \u00fb Girav\u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee b\u00fbn sedema p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek wekhev. Ev hem\u00fb del\u00eel\u00ean serhildan\u00ean ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek in. Van guhertin\u00ean mezin \u015fopa xwe li Afr\u00eeka, Asya \u00fb Ewropay\u00ea hi\u015ftin. Ev p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek hol\u00eest\u00eek e, ku dora 2000 BZ dest p\u00ea kiriye \u00fb heta dora 1000 BZ bandorker maye. Serdema ber\u00ee w\u00ea serdema pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ean xwed\u00ea b\u00fb, \u00fb afir\u00eener\u00ean v\u00ea serdem\u00ea \u00e7\u00eena kast\u00ea b\u00fbn. Di navbera 1700 \u00fb 1600 BZ de, H\u00eeksos li Misr\u00ea, H\u00eet\u00eet li Anatoliy\u00ea, M\u00eetan\u00ee li S\u00fbriyey\u00ea, Kas\u00eet li piraniya Mezopotamya \u00fb Bab\u00eel\u00ea, M\u00eekenay\u00ee li Yewnanistan\u00ea, \u00fb Ar\u00ee li Hindistan\u00ea, hem\u00ee bi xweday\u00ean xwe \u00fb avahiy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek hatin.<\/p>\n

\u015eaxa Shang \u00e7\u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ea, \u00fb Kelt j\u00ee \u00e7\u00fbn Ewropay\u00ea. Kelt b\u00fbn ku \u015faristaniya Ewropay\u00ea afirandin. Ar\u00eestokrasiya Aryan her ti\u015ft bi p\u00ealan fetih kir, ji Bakur\u00ea Hindistan \u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ea heta perav\u00ean Atlant\u00eek \u00ean Ewropay\u00ea. Ev dagirkirin \u00fb berfirehb\u00fbna ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek bi tevah\u00ee ji bo Aryanan ji ber heb\u00fbna erebey\u00ean du teker, \u00e7ek\u00ean bronz \u00fb civatek \u015ferker a ar\u00eestokrat ku bi j\u00eahat\u00ee wan bikar dian\u00een, serket\u00ee b\u00fb. Em v\u00ea serdem\u00ea wek\u00ee serdema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek a erebey\u00ean bronz bi nav dikin. Civaka matriarkal bi avahiya ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek derbeyek kujer xwar. Ev p\u00eavajo di m\u00eetolojiyan de j\u00ee t\u00ea vegotin. M\u00eetolojiya afirandin\u00ea ya Bab\u00eel\u00ee vedib\u00eaje ka Marduk \u00e7awa xwedawenda dayik par\u00e7e kir. Ji h\u00eala et\u00eemoloj\u00eek ve, Marduk heman kok\u00ea wek\u00ee ‘merdo’ di Kurmanc\u00ee de \u00fb ‘merde’ di Kirmanck\u00ee de parve dike. Li Bab\u00eel\u00ea, xweday\u00ea her\u00ee mezin Merdanus an Marduk b\u00fb. D\u00eeroka v\u00ea destana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek vedigere sala 1600 BZ, dema ku Kass\u00eetan li Bab\u00eel\u00ea hukum dikirin. Marduk di heman dem\u00ea de peyvek bi esl\u00ea xwe proto-kurd e. Mer wekhev\u00ee m\u00ear e, merdo wekhev\u00ee m\u00earan\u00ee, m\u00earxas\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

M\u00eetolojiya xweday\u00ea Marduk heta Hindistan\u00ea belav b\u00fb. Di Sanskrit\u00ee de j\u00ee t\u00eageh\u00ean wekhev hene, ku kok\u00ean wan Aryen in. Serdema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek veguher\u00eenek wisa diafir\u00eene. Ev yek hem di jin \u00fb hem j\u00ee di m\u00earan de dibe sedema guhertinek\u00ea. Bi pergala ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek re, serdestiya m\u00ear dibe diyarker. Xwedawend niha li pa\u015fperdey\u00ea t\u00ea hi\u015ftin. T\u00eageha xwedawenda jin winda dibe, li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ea t\u00eageha xweday\u00ea m\u00ear t\u00ea dan\u00een. Jin \u00ead\u00ee xwedawend nabe \u00fb dikeve rew\u015fa xanima dadgeh\u00ea. Ev k\u00eamb\u00fbn di tevahiya d\u00eeroka \u015faristaniy\u00ea de berdewam dike. Jina dadgeh\u00ea ya serdema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek bi derketina ol\u00ean yekxweday\u00ee, ku ji h\u00eala Zerde\u015ft\u00ee ve p\u00ea\u015feng\u00ee l\u00ea hat kirin, bi mal\u00ea ve hate s\u00eenordarkirin. V\u00ea s\u00eenordarkirin\u00ea – ku t\u00eageha zewac\u00ea j\u00ee j\u00ea derdikeve – bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee malbat derxist hol\u00ea. Di Zerde\u015ft\u00ee de, malbat p\u00ea\u015fkeftinek gir\u00eeng tems\u00eel dike. Pa\u015f\u00ea, di ol\u00ean yekxweday\u00ee de, Birah\u00eem ev yek b\u00eatir p\u00ea\u015f xist. Zerde\u015ft\u00ee, bi koka xwe \u00fb kevne\u015fopiy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean H\u00fbr\u00ee, dikare heta 3000 BZ were \u015fopandin. Li dora 1500 BZ, Birah\u00eem bingehek ol\u00ee da w\u00ea. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, bingeha malbat\u00ea wek\u00ee ku em dizanin hate dan\u00een \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Di dema derketin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna destp\u00eak\u00ea ya ola \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee de, Yaq\u00fbb \u00fb \u00ceshaq wek\u00ee malbatek li qesr\u00ean Misr\u00ea bi cih b\u00fbn. Di van p\u00eavajoyan de, veguher\u00eenek mezin di rola jinan de \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, ku di malbat\u00ea de gih\u00ee\u015ft l\u00fbtkey\u00ea. Saziya malbat\u00ea, ku di serdema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek de ji dayik b\u00fb, li dora 2000 BZ gih\u00ee\u015ft l\u00fbtkeya xwe \u00fb li seranser\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea belav b\u00fb. Di navbera sal\u00ean 2000 \u00fb 1500 ber\u00ee zay\u00een\u00ea de serdemeke p\u00ea\u015fketina gerd\u00fbn\u00ee jiyaye. Ev hem\u00fb bi kolandin \u00fb l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean arkeoloj\u00eek hatine e\u015fkerekirin. Am\u00fbr, am\u00fbr \u00fb erebey\u00ean ji v\u00ea serdem\u00ea v\u00ea \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ea vedib\u00eajin.<\/p>\n

1.b) Formulekirina \u00cedeoloj\u00eek a S\u00eestema Ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Saziya balyozxaneyan h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee dikeve dewr\u00ea. Ger xweda hebin, p\u00eadiv\u00ee bi peyamberan heye ku peyam\u00ean wan bigih\u00eenin. Ev saz\u00ee bingeha ol\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee ye. Bi afirandina saziya balyozxaneyan, \u00e7\u00eena ar\u00eestokrat dib\u00eaje, “Ba\u015f e, h\u00fbn dikarin bibin xweday, l\u00ea h\u00fbn \u00ea balyozxaneyan j\u00ee bidin me.” \u00c7\u00eena kah\u00eenan j\u00ee wek\u00ee peyamber\u00ea Xwed\u00ea t\u00ea p\u00eanasekirin. Ev rew\u015f di Xiristiyan\u00ee \u00fb \u00ceslam\u00ea de bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee berdewam dike. Papa peyamber\u00ea Xwed\u00ea ye; P\u00eaxember\u00ea \u00ceslam\u00ea wek\u00ee peyamber\u00ea Xwed\u00ea ji dayik b\u00fbye.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00eena ar\u00eestokrat bi r\u00eaya saziya balyozxaneyan xwe wek\u00ee Xwed\u00ea \u00eelan nake, l\u00ea ew wek\u00ee peyamber\u00ea W\u00ee pileya her\u00ee bilind digire. Ev gir\u00eeng e. Ber\u00ea, mirov ji pis\u00eek, rih, an be\u015f\u00ean din \u00ean kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea dihatin afirandin. Li Ol\u00eempus\u00ea, heman \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ean m\u00eetoloj\u00eek bi mijar\u00ean c\u00fbda berdewam dikin. Li vir j\u00ee, T\u00eetan komek pi\u015ftgir\u00ee \u00fb cureyek n\u00fbner\u00ea ar\u00eestokratiy\u00ea ne.<\/p>\n

Saziya balyozxaneyan pi\u015ft\u00ee ku di civaka Bab\u00eel de gavek mezin ber bi p\u00ea\u015f ve av\u00eat p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Li Bab\u00eel\u00ea, kah\u00een ji kastek\u00ea vediguherin \u00e7\u00eenek ji n\u00fbneran. Kah\u00een al\u00eekar\u00ean Xwed\u00ea ne \u00fb Xwed\u00ea ew e ku di odeya jor\u00een de ye, \u00fb ten\u00ea ew dikarin bi Xwed\u00ea re t\u00eakil\u00ee daynin. Li Yewnanistan\u00ea, ev dibe despot. Wateya ku ew didin h\u00eaz\u00ean xwezay\u00ea j\u00ee xweday\u00ee ye. Xweday\u00ea roj\u00ea, xweday\u00ea heyv\u00ea, komst\u00eark wek\u00ee xwedayan t\u00eane te\u015fekirin. Dema ku roj li Mezopotamyay\u00ea ‘Roj’ e, li Misr\u00ea wek\u00ee Amon-Ra t\u00ea xwedakirin, \u00fb kah\u00een dibe al\u00eekar\u00ea w\u00ea. Ev ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea tems\u00eel dike. Ew bi tevah\u00ee \u00eedeoloj\u00eek e. P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna saziya kah\u00eentiy\u00ea ji h\u00eala ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea ve di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveyek \u00eedeoloj\u00eek de ji hewcedariya w\u00ea bi taybetmendiy\u00ean ku xwed\u00ee wateyek berawird\u00ee ne, wek\u00ee peyamber-zane derdikeve hol\u00ea. Ev diyarde ku di rastiya d\u00eerok\u00ee de t\u00ea d\u00eetin, di olperestiya Rojhilata Nav\u00een de her\u00ee e\u015fkere ye. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, helwesta Birah\u00eem pir zelal e. P\u00eadiv\u00ee ye ku meriv li ser duaya w\u00ee ya ji Xwed\u00ea re bisekine. Xweday\u00ea ku ew j\u00ea lava dike F\u00eerewn e. Li Misr\u00ea, F\u00eerewn xwed\u00ee desthilatdariy\u00ea ye. Ew dixwaze kur\u00ea xwe \u00cesma\u00eel wek\u00ee qurban p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f bike. Di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de, her kes mecb\u00fbr b\u00fb ku salane zarokek\u00ee qurban bike \u00fb \u00cesma\u00eel kole b\u00fb. Ev kevne\u015fop\u00ee heta Kartaca berdewam kir. Her sal bi hezaran zarok dihatin qurbankirin. \u00cebrah\u00eem hawar \u00fb lava dikir, l\u00ea ew j\u00ee wek\u00ee kole dihat hesibandin. Sefera Sara, Hacer \u00fb \u00cesma\u00eel ber bi cih\u00ea ku niha Kabe ye, dibe ku ji bo rev\u00eena ji pergala ku\u015ftina kastan b\u00fb. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ew bi \u00e7\u00fbna N\u00eevgirava Ereb\u00ee reviyab\u00fbn. Ev \u00e7\u00eeroka serdemek\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

\u00cebrah\u00eem bi xwe berhema pergala ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek b\u00fb. Peyva \u00cesra\u00eel t\u00ea wateya ‘teko\u015f\u00eena bi Xwed\u00ea re’. ‘El’ t\u00ea wateya Xwed\u00ea, \u00fb ‘\u00cesra’ t\u00ea wateya teko\u015f\u00een\u00ea. Ev et\u00eemolojiya \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea ye. Ev t\u00ea w\u00ea watey\u00ea ku ew ewqas bi Xwed\u00ea re t\u00eakildar b\u00fbn ku ew bi W\u00ee re teko\u015f\u00eenkirin. \u00db Xwed\u00ea F\u00eerewn b\u00fb. Inc\u00eel bi berfireh\u00ee rave dike ka M\u00fbsa \u00e7awa bi F\u00eerewn re \u015fer kir \u00fb \u00e7awa w\u00ee Deryaya Sor derbas kir. Bi heman away\u00ee, \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ean p\u00eaxember Y\u00fbsif di qesr\u00ea de pir balk\u00ea\u015f in.<\/p>\n

Li vir, kevne\u015fopiyeke p\u00eaxembertiy\u00ea li ser sehneya d\u00eerok\u00ee derdikeve hol\u00ea. P\u00eaxember \u00cebrah\u00eem bav \u00fb kal\u00ea p\u00eaxemberan e: ew bi Y\u00fbsif, Yaq\u00fbb, M\u00fbsa, \u00cesa \u00fb Muhemmed berdewam dike. Ev hem\u00fb p\u00eaxember p\u00eaxember\u00ean kevne\u015fopiya \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee ne. Her \u00e7iqas ol hevtay\u00ea \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00ea pergala ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek tems\u00eel bike j\u00ee, derketina hol\u00ea ya ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00eenek bingeha civak\u00ee ya ol\u00ea ye. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, ol bi ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike. Pi\u015ftgiriya w\u00ea ya bingeh\u00een saziya balyozxaney\u00ea ye, l\u00ea wateya w\u00ea ya civak\u00ee ew e ku ev \u00e7\u00een wek\u00ee al\u00eekarek ji bo koma kast\u00ea tevdigere. Ar\u00eestokras\u00ee ji koma kast\u00ea derdikeve hol\u00ea. Koma kast\u00ea bi ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea dibe \u00e7\u00eenek \u00fb heb\u00fbna xwe ya siyas\u00ee wek\u00ee dewletek saz dike. Bi gotineke din, avakirina dewlet\u00ea bi ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike. Ji \u00c7\u00een\u00ea heta Misr\u00ea, ji Mezopotamyay\u00ea heta her der\u00ea din, balyozxane di veguher\u00eena ji serdema m\u00eena kast\u00ea ber bi serdema ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek de rolek dil\u00eeze. Ev di Zerde\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb ol\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee de j\u00ee wisa ye. Di navbera Zerde\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb ol\u00ean \u00cebrah\u00eem\u00ee de biratiyek baweriy\u00ea heye. Ew rastiyek zanist\u00ee ye ku dikare were verast kirin ku Tewrat ji sed\u00ee p\u00eanc\u00ee ji Zerde\u015ft\u00eetiy\u00ea hatiye wergirtin. Ev li Bab\u00eel\u00ea li dora 500 BZ qewim\u00ee.<\/p>\n

8- Serdema Aksiyal-Eksen<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00eestema Kast\u00eek\u00ee ku bi kujer\u00ean xwe y\u00ean m\u00eena kast\u00ea an j\u00ee pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ean xwed\u00ea t\u00ea naskirin, li Mezopotamya, Hindistan, \u00c7\u00een \u00fb Ewropay\u00ea derket hol\u00ea \u00fb \u015fikil girt. Hilwe\u015f\u00eena w\u00ea li van axan j\u00ee \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb ku ew j\u00ee her\u00eam\u00ean ku bajar \u00fb kom\u00een l\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f ketine ne. Her \u00e7end \u015faristaniya Kast\u00eel\u00ee wek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeftinek mezin li ser sehneya d\u00eerok\u00ee derket hol\u00ea j\u00ee, dijber\u00ean w\u00ea j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f ketin \u00fb li ber xwe dan. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ev dijber k\u00ee ne?<\/p>\n

Serdema Aksiyal \u00eetiraz \u00fb rexneyek mezin a v\u00ea avahiya ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek a Kast\u00eek\u00ee ye. Tewra bi aliy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean ol\u00ee-m\u00eetoloj\u00eek j\u00ee, aliy\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea civak\u00ee \u00fb l\u00eager\u00eena rastiy\u00ea li gor\u00ee teoriya sosyal\u00eezma rael nay\u00ea \u00eenkarkirin.<\/p>\n

Kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee berxwedanek wisa ye li dij\u00ee s\u00eestema Kast\u00eek\u00ee ye. Gir\u00eeng e ku Zerde\u015ft\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee teng an muhafezekar ney\u00ea \u015f\u00eerovekirin. Em li ser kevne\u015fopiya berxwedana Zerde\u015ft\u00ee n\u00eeqa\u015f dikin ji ber rola w\u00ea ya p\u00ea\u015fver\u00fb di sosyolojiya d\u00eerok\u00ee de. Ev kevne\u015fopiyek demokrat\u00eek \u00fb komunal e. Zerde\u015ft\u00ee kevne\u015fopiyek e ku li ser s\u00eestema Zagros\u00ea hatiye avakirin \u00fb \u015fop\u00ean w\u00ea h\u00een j\u00ee pir bi h\u00eaz t\u00eane h\u00eeskirin. \u00c7awa kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee li hember s\u00eestema Kast\u00eel\u00ee li ber xwe da mijarek h\u00eajay\u00ee l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea ye. Ji kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee gelek guherto derketin hol\u00ea ku ev p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek pir gir\u00eeng e. T\u00ea bawerkirin ku Zerde\u015ft\u00ee, wek\u00ee p\u00eaxember, li dora 500 BZ jiyaye. Di 500 BZ de, Konfu\u00e7yus reform\u00ean mezin di s\u00eestema dewlet\u00ea ya li \u00c7\u00een\u00ea de kir. Di 500 BZ de, B\u00fbda li Hindistan\u00ea wek\u00ee h\u00eenkirinek exlaq\u00ee ya bi tevah\u00ee n\u00fb dest bi p\u00ea\u015fkeftin\u00ea kir. \u00cedeolojiya B\u00fbda \u015fore\u015fek mezin di berxwedana exlaq\u00ee de li dij\u00ee s\u00eestema Kast\u00eel\u00ee kir. Di 500 BZ de, Sokrates nav\u00ea berxwedanek felsef\u00ee ye li dij\u00ee arguman\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00ean ku ji h\u00eala s\u00eestema Kast\u00eel\u00ee ve hatine afirandin. Gelek tevger\u00ean mezin ji kevne\u015fopiya felsef\u00ee ya Sokrat\u00eek derketin hol\u00ea. \u00c7avkaniya van kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee li Rojhilata Nav\u00een e. Tewrat yekem b\u00fb ku ji \u00eedeolojiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee derket hol\u00ea. N\u00eaz\u00eekatiya her\u00ee rast ew e ku Tewrat wek\u00ee guher\u00eenek \u00fb reformek mezin di nav kevne\u015fopiya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee de were hesibandin. Komunal\u00eezm xwed\u00ee d\u00eerokek gir\u00eeng e. Federasyon\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee y\u00ean berfireh di s\u00eestema \u00e7iyay\u00ee ya Zagros-Taurus de derketin hol\u00ea. Konfederasyon\u00ean Med-Nairi j\u00ee wek\u00ee kom\u00fbn\u00ean kom\u00fbnan p\u00ea\u015f ketin. Ev rew\u015fek e ku li k\u00ealeka ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f ket. Kom\u00fbn \u00fb e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea y\u00ean ber\u00ea bi r\u00eaya konfederasyon\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnek mezin bi dest xistin. Div\u00ea ev serdem j\u00ee wek\u00ee serdemek ku bi bilindb\u00fbna ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea re p\u00ea\u015f ket were nirxandin. \u00c7awa ku ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea m\u00eetoloj\u00ee dan\u00ee aliyek\u00ee \u00fb ol wek\u00ee b\u00eerdoziya xwe qeb\u00fbl kir, kom\u00fbnal\u00eezm, di serdema p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna xwe de, bi giran\u00ee xwe li ser xet\u00ean Zerde\u015ft\u00ee \u00eefade kir. Zerde\u015ft\u00ee ne ol e, l\u00ea felsefeyek e. Ew baweriyek e ku formek berbi\u00e7av girt \u00fb li dora sala 1000 BZ zind\u00ee b\u00fb. Her \u00e7end dibe ku di l\u00fbtkeya ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea de li dora sala 1500 BZ p\u00ea\u015f ketibe j\u00ee, p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna w\u00ea ya sereke di nav Konfederasyona Med de \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Esas\u00ea nakokiy\u00ean di navbera ar\u00eestokrasiya Med \u00fb Farisan de di dilema ‘demokras\u00ee an monar\u015f\u00ee?’ de ye. \u00cefadeya her\u00ee berbi\u00e7av a v\u00ea n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ea di navbera dewletb\u00fbn \u00fb kom\u00fbnal\u00eezm\u00ea de \u015fer\u00ea di navbera Astyages \u00fb Harpagos de ye, \u00fb xala zivir\u00eena d\u00eerok\u00ee ya ku li wir qewim\u00ee. Ev ji perspekt\u00eefa me ya d\u00eerok\u00ee pir gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

Di navbera meyla ber bi dewletb\u00fbn\u00ea \u00fb meyla ber bi konfederasyon\u00ea de pev\u00e7\u00fbnek derket hol\u00ea. Kevne\u015fopiya K\u00fbru\u015f Elam\u00ee ye, ku ji her\u00eama Sumer\u00ee t\u00ea. K\u00fbru\u015f tevgera ber bi dewletb\u00fbn\u00ea ve r\u00eaber\u00ee dike. Xiyaneta Harpagos v\u00ea nakokiy\u00ea di berjewendiya K\u00fbru\u015f de \u00e7areser dike. Astyages, wek\u00ee serok\u00ea konfederasyon\u00ea, dewletb\u00fbn\u00ea red dike \u00fb ji h\u00eala Harpagos ve di hundir de xiyanet l\u00ea t\u00ea kirin. Gotin\u00ean navdar \u00ean Astyages di d\u00eeroka Herodotus de hatine tomar kirin. Astyages ji Harpagos re dib\u00eaje: “Ey belengaz, ji ber ku te konfederasyon hilwe\u015fand, \u00e7ima te cih\u00ea min negirt? \u00c7ima te li \u015f\u00fbna ku min radest\u00ee K\u00fbru\u015f, koley\u00ea me bik\u00ee, Medek nean\u00ee? \u00c7ima te ev xiyanet kir?” Ji w\u00ea roj\u00ea heta \u00eero, xiyaneta Kurdan berdewam dike. Ji w\u00ea roj\u00ea heta \u00eero, kevne\u015fopiya heb\u00fbna kesayetek Harpagos di nav e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean Kurdan de berdewam dike. Heta \u00eero j\u00ee, \u00e7end kesayet\u00ean Harpagos dikarin werin binavkirin. Balk\u00ea\u015f e ku dijmin\u00ean her\u00ee hov \u00ean Kurdan ji v\u00ea kevne\u015fopiya Harpagos derdikevin. R\u00eaber Abdullah \u00d6calan wan wek\u00ee ‘Kom\u00eeteya Judenrat’ p\u00eanase dike. Ew hem\u00ee heman kom in. V\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea di civaka me de, ku di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de ji wan xiyanet ki\u015fandiye, \u015fikestin\u00ean mezin \u00e7\u00eakiriye. Di v\u00ea serdem\u00ea de, ku em wek\u00ee Serdema Meydan\u00ea p\u00eanase dikin, p\u00eanc b\u00eerdoziy\u00ean sereke y\u00ean komunal derdikevin hol\u00ea. Zerde\u015ft\u00ee cihek\u00ee navend\u00ee digire. Pi\u015ft\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea Lao Tse li \u00c7\u00een\u00ea, Buda li Hindistan\u00ea, b\u00eerdoziya Cih\u00fbyan \u00fb felsefeya Sokrat\u00eek li Yewnanistan\u00ea t\u00ean. Her p\u00eanc ji van derketin\u00ean li ser bingeha komunal in. Ev p\u00eanc \u015fax\u00ean di Serdema Meydan\u00ea de derketin\u00ean komunal \u00fb komun\u00eest in. Dema ku Lao Tse komunal\u00eetey\u00ea tems\u00eel dike, Konfu\u00e7yus w\u00ea netewey\u00ee dike. D\u00eerokek komunal\u00eezm\u00ea, heb\u00fbnek komunal heye. Lao Tse komunal\u00eeteya rast\u00een a bindestan p\u00ea\u015f dixe. Ji h\u00eala din ve, Konfu\u00e7yus w\u00ea ar\u00eestokrat\u00eeze dike \u00fb vediguher\u00eene b\u00eerdoziyek dewlet\u00ea. Di m\u00eetolojiya Yewnan\u00ee de, komunal\u00eest\u00ea rast\u00een Sokrates b\u00fb. Platon, di berhema xwe ya ‘Komar’ de, ti\u015ft\u00ean ku ji Sokrates f\u00ear b\u00fbb\u00fbn p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f\u00ee ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea kir. ‘Komar’ berhemek b\u00eerdoziya dewlet\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Konfu\u00e7yus rev\u00eezyon\u00eestek mezin \u00ea dewlet\u00ea b\u00fb. \u00c7\u00eena \u00eeroy\u00een Konfu\u00e7yus\u00eezm\u00ea teql\u00eed dike. Konfu\u00e7yus veguher\u00eena ji kast\u00ea ber bi dewlet\u00ea ve h\u00easan kir, m\u00eena ku Platon pa\u015f\u00ea d\u00ea bikira. Di Cih\u00fbtiy\u00ea de, Sil\u00eaman \u00fb Dawid ji destp\u00eak\u00ea heta dawiy\u00ea dewlet-navend\u00ee b\u00fbn. Her \u00e7iqas Y\u00fbsif kom\u00fbn\u00eestek\u00ee mezin b\u00fb j\u00ee, Sam\u00fb\u00eal yek\u00ee berbi\u00e7av b\u00fb. Ev dabe\u015fb\u00fbna yekem di kevne\u015fopiya Cih\u00fbyan de li qesran dest p\u00ea dike. Dema ku Y\u00fbsif li qesr\u00ea bi F\u00eerewn re b\u00fb, kur\u00ean din \u00ean Aq\u00fbb kom\u00fbn\u00eest b\u00fbn. P\u00eaxember Y\u00fbsif e\u015f\u00eera \u00cebran\u00ee kir du be\u015f. Pi\u015ft\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea serdema M\u00fbsa-Haaron t\u00ea, ku ew j\u00ee pir balk\u00ea\u015f e. Dawid \u00fb Sil\u00eaman kevne\u015fopiya dewlet\u00ea tems\u00eel dikin, l\u00ea Sam\u00fb\u00eal \u00fb p\u00eaxember\u00ean din kevne\u015fopiya kom\u00fbn\u00eest tems\u00eel dikin. Ev dubend\u00ee \u015fikestinek d\u00eerok\u00ee tems\u00eel dikin. Hilwe\u015f\u00eena serdema koletiya klas\u00eek di sala 500 BZ de dest p\u00ea dike \u00fb bi hilwe\u015f\u00eena Romay\u00ea bi daw\u00ee dibe. Ev serdema veguh\u00eaz hezar salan dom dike. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, veguh\u00eaztina ji koletiy\u00ea ber bi feodal\u00eezm\u00ea ve \u00e7\u00eadibe; serdema koletiya klas\u00eek diqede, \u00fb serdema xulamtiy\u00ea wek\u00ee ku em dizanin dest p\u00ea dike. Kevne\u015fopiya p\u00eaxemberan kom\u00fbn\u00eest e. P\u00eaxember Muhemmed kom\u00fbn\u00eestek\u00ee destp\u00eak\u00ea ye. Mezinahiya P\u00eaxember Muhemmed ji ber ku di war\u00ea kevne\u015fopiya ol\u00ee ya yekxweday\u00ee de kom\u00fbn\u00eest\u00ea mezin \u00ea daw\u00een b\u00fb t\u00ea. W\u00ee koletiya klas\u00eek bi daw\u00ee kir. Li Afr\u00eeka \u00fb Erebistan\u00ea, e\u015f\u00eer b\u00fbb\u00fbn astengiyek li p\u00ea\u015fiya p\u00ea\u015fkeftina civak\u00ee. Muhemmed ev asteng\u00ee bi h\u00eaviyek \u00fb \u00eelhamek mezin ji hol\u00ea rakir. Serdema Mekkey\u00ee ya Mihemed serdema propaganday\u00ea b\u00fb, l\u00ea serdema Med\u00eeney\u00ea j\u00ee serdema kom\u00fbnal\u00eezm\u00ea b\u00fb. Ev kom\u00eena \u00ceslam\u00ee ye. Li Ewropay\u00ea, ji \u015faredariyan re j\u00ee kom\u00een t\u00ea gotin. J\u00eaderka w\u00ea Med\u00eenaya Mihemed e. Bala xwe bidin\u00ea ku Mihemed bi koma bawermend\u00ean xwe re bi awayek\u00ee kom\u00fbnal dijiya. Ji van re Eshab\u00ea P\u00eaxember (Eshab-i Kiram) t\u00ea gotin. Muhacir\u00ean Mihemed\u00ee (ko\u00e7ber) komeke kom\u00fbnal a mezin b\u00fbn; ew bi hev re dijiyan. Ev kom\u00fbnek bi demokrasiya xwe b\u00fb. Peymana Med\u00eeney\u00ea peymaneke kom\u00fbnal \u00fb nex\u015feyek ji bo demokrasiy\u00ea ye. Eb\u00fb Sufyan \u00fb Muawiye w\u00ea t\u00eak birin ji ber ku n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya wan monar\u015f\u00eek b\u00fb, ango dij\u00ee \u00ceslam\u00ea b\u00fb. El\u00ee \u015eer\u00eeet\u00ee hewl da ku w\u00ea hinek\u00ee rave bike, l\u00ea ravekirina w\u00ee qels b\u00fb ji ber ku w\u00ee zihniyeteke kom\u00fbnal\u00eest tune b\u00fb. N\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ean li ser demokrasiy\u00ea li Medyay\u00ea, veguher\u00een \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna kom\u00fbnal\u00eezm\u00ea, mijar\u00ean konkret \u00ean n\u00eeqa\u015f \u00fb pev\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ean cid\u00ee li dora 500 BZ b\u00fbn. Di dil\u00ea van p\u00ea\u015fketinan de f\u00eegur\u00ea Zerde\u015ft\u00ee heye. W\u00ee bandorek gir\u00eeng ji Hindistan\u00ea heta \u00c7\u00een\u00ea, ji Misr\u00ea heta Yewnanistan\u00ea kir. W\u00ee \u00eedeoloj\u00ee \u00fb felsefey\u00ea xiste ber pirs\u00ea. Gir\u00eadaneke xurt di navbera felsefe \u00fb n\u00eeqa\u015fa demokrat\u00eek de heye. Bi kurtas\u00ee, \u015fore\u015feke mezin a \u00eedeoloj\u00eek di kom\u00fbnal\u00eezm\u00ea de heye.<\/p>\n

Farisan Zerde\u015ft\u00eet\u00ee ji bo armanc\u00ean \u00eemparator\u00ee bi kar an\u00een. Kah\u00een\u00ean Mag\u00ee, ku ji valahiya desthilatdariy\u00ea ya pi\u015ft\u00ee \u00e7\u00fby\u00eena Kamb\u00eez bo Misr\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, s\u00fbd wergirtin, desthilatdariya ku winda kirib\u00fbn d\u00eesa bi dest xistin. Ev navbereke heft salan di \u00eemparatoriy\u00ea de b\u00fb. Pi\u015ft\u00ee ku Darius ji sefera xwe vegeriya, w\u00ee Zerde\u015ft\u00eet\u00ee bi kar an\u00ee da ku Koma Heftan hilwe\u015f\u00eene. Di encam\u00ea de, \u00eemparator\u00ee b\u00fb du par\u00e7e; Zerde\u015ft\u00eetiya ferm\u00ee b\u00fb \u00eedeolojiya Farisan, l\u00ea Zerde\u015ft\u00eetiya neferm\u00ee wek\u00ee \u00eedeolojiya kom\u00fbnal\u00eezm\u00ea ma. Ev b\u00fb bingeha \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a kevne\u015fop\u00ee ya Kurdan. Ev bingeha \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a baweriy\u00ean ku bermahiy\u00ean wan h\u00een j\u00ee li D\u00earsim, \u00c7ewlik \u00fb Xorasan\u00ea hene. Buda, ku di heman dem\u00ea de bi Zerde\u015ft\u00eetiy\u00ea re derket hol\u00ea, h\u00een balk\u00ea\u015ftir e. Buda \u015fore\u015feke mezin di ola Hind\u00ee de kir. B\u00ea guman ew tevgereke kom\u00fbnal b\u00fb. W\u00ea bawer\u00ee \u00fb d\u00eeroka civak\u00ea ya ku li Hindistan \u00fb \u00c7\u00een\u00ea derket hol\u00ea \u015fekil da. Bud\u00eezm bi w\u00ea yek\u00ea b\u00eahempa ye ku ew ne \u00eedeolojiya yek e\u015f\u00eerek\u00ea b\u00fb. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew b\u00fb \u00eedeolojiyek ku ji h\u00eala mirov\u00ean ji e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean c\u00fbda ve hat pejirandin. Ji ber ku ew \u00eedeolojiyek n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee felsefey\u00ea ye, bandora w\u00ea j\u00ee gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

B\u00fbd\u00eezm, Zerde\u015ftiya populer \u00fb felsefeya Yewnan\u00ee hem\u00ee \u00eedeolojiy\u00ean komunal in. Ew bi n\u00eeqa\u015fek pir dijwar derketin hol\u00ea. Dubendiya dewleta komunal ku li vir dest p\u00ea kir heta roja \u00eero j\u00ee berdewam dike.<\/p>\n

Serdema Nav\u00een a Ewrop\u00ee encama v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye. Serdema Nav\u00een li Ewropay\u00ea bi komunal\u00eezm\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike. Ewropa bi piran\u00ee xwe li ser Rojhilata Nav\u00een ava kiriye. At\u00eena \u00fb Romay\u00ea j\u00ee bingeh\u00ean baweriy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek ji Rojhilata Nav\u00een girtine. Romay\u00ea qan\u00fbn di v\u00ea de bi cih kir, \u00eedeolojiya ol\u00ee ya ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea veguherand qan\u00fbn\u00ea, m\u00eena Qan\u00fbna Ham\u00fbrab\u00ee li Bab\u00eel\u00ea. L\u00eabel\u00ea, li Romay\u00ea, ew qan\u00fbnek ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek b\u00fb. Pagan kom\u00fbn\u00ean t\u00eep\u00eek in, \u00fb ew di Serdema Nav\u00een de li ser bingeha kom\u00fbn\u00ean Ewrop\u00ee t\u00eane vejandin. Pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea, serdemek ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek t\u00ea. Felsefeya ku ji Zerde\u015ft heta Sokrates, ji Lao Tzu heta B\u00fbda p\u00ea\u015f ket, felsefeya komunal e, \u00eedeolojiyek komunal e. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ev felsefe ji h\u00eala ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea ve hate olperest kirin. Wek\u00ee encamek berxwedana li hember v\u00ea olperestkirin\u00ea, ev felsefe ber bi Serdema Nav\u00een ve \u00e7\u00fb. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, Serdema Nav\u00een serdemeke pir gir\u00eeng a kom\u00eenal\u00eezm\u00ea ye. Ev p\u00ea\u015fketin li Rojhilata Nav\u00een disekinin; ev der cih\u00ea ku reh\u00ean w\u00ea l\u00ea ne.<\/p>\n

1.Childe serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek ke\u015ff kir, l\u00ea ew nekar\u00ee bi tevah\u00ee rave bike ka li Mezopotamyay\u00ea \u00e7i qewim\u00eeye \u00fb nekar\u00ee \u00e7avkaniya w\u00ea wek\u00ee zozan\u00ean \u00c7iyay\u00ean Zagros-Toros\u00ea diyar bike. Mezopotamyaya J\u00ear\u00een gir\u00eeng e, l\u00ea Mezopotamyaya Nav\u00een \u00fb Jor\u00een Mezopotamyaya J\u00ear\u00een xwed\u00ee kirin. P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbneke wisa li qerax\u00ean N\u00eel\u00ea \u00e7\u00eaneb\u00fb ji ber ku her\u00eama li dora N\u00eel\u00ea \u00e7ol e. Ne fauna \u00fb ne j\u00ee flora guncaw in. Li Deltaya Basray\u00ea, nebat \u015f\u00een nabin, l\u00ea ew ji bo avdan\u00ea guncaw e. Sumeriyan li Deltaya Basray\u00ea kanalek kolandin, genim\u00ea ji Mezopotamyaya Jor\u00een an\u00een \u00e7andin \u00fb berhema sed qat bi dest xistin, \u00fb teq\u00eenek di nirxa z\u00eade de \u00e7\u00eakirin. Hem\u00fb ti\u015ft\u00ean ku Inanna j\u00ea re digot “ME” ji \u00c7iyay\u00ean Zagros-Toros\u00ea hatine an\u00een. Ev her\u00eam xwed\u00ee flora \u00fb faunayek dewlemend e, bi gelek curey\u00ean heywan \u00fb nebatan. Zozan\u00ean Karacada\u011f\u00ea di v\u00ee war\u00ee de navendeke biryardar in. Hem\u00fb \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean xwarin\u00ea y\u00ean bingeh\u00een, wek ceh, genim, pez \u00fb bizin, li vir peyda dibin. Ji \u00c7\u00een\u00ea heta Hi… Li Hindistan\u00ea, li seranser\u00ea qadeke erdn\u00eegar\u00ee ya berfireh ji Rojhilata Nav\u00een heta Yewnan\u00eestan\u00ea, li dora sala 500 BZ \u015fikestinek mezin \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Bi r\u00eaya Zerde\u015ft\u00ee, Lao Tzu, B\u00fbda, \u00eedeolojiya Cih\u00fbyan \u00fb felsefeya Sokrat\u00eek, \u00eedeolojiya komunal\u00eetey\u00ea derket hol\u00ea. Ev pir gir\u00eeng e \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fkeftinek bi rast\u00ee \u015fore\u015fger e. Ber\u00ea, kom\u00een \u00fb e\u015f\u00eer heb\u00fbn, l\u00ea \u00eedeolojiy\u00ean wan tuneb\u00fbn. Komun \u00eedeolojiya xwe bi dest xist. Kevne\u015fopiya p\u00eaxember\u00ee j\u00ee v\u00ea \u00eedeolojiya komunal tems\u00eel dike. Muhammed komunal\u00eest b\u00fb. Bi rast\u00ee, dema ku Quran hat daketin, j\u00ea re helbestvan hat gotin. Ew j\u00ee vegeriyan kevne\u015fopiyek\u00ea, ji ber ku ew helbesta komunal\u00eetey\u00ea ye. Ev anal\u00eez t\u00ea wateya kirina sosyolojiya d\u00eerok\u00ee, ku gir\u00eeng e. Ev daxuyaniya yekem a \u00eedeolojiya komunal\u00eetey\u00ea ye. Xiristiyan\u00ee bi tevah\u00ee komunal e. Di s\u00ea sed sal\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een de, dibe ku astek komunal\u00eetey\u00ea heb\u00fb ku di tu ol\u00ean din de b\u00eahempa b\u00fb. Manast\u00eer, d\u00ear, komunalek, encumenek b\u00fb. Bermahiy\u00ean v\u00ea h\u00een j\u00ee li Anatoliya Nav\u00een t\u00eane d\u00eetin. Dibe ku tu olek din bi qas\u00ee Xiristiyaniy\u00ea komunal\u00eest nebe. Di w\u00ea de, p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee ar\u00eestokras\u00ee \u00fb d\u00fbv re j\u00ee burjuvaz\u00ee \u015f\u00eezmek diafir\u00eenin; Ew ji aliy\u00ea Katol\u00ees\u00eezm\u00ea ve t\u00ea xerakirin, \u00fb di bin nav\u00ea reform\u00ea de, kom\u00fbnal\u00eezm ji aliy\u00ea Kalv\u00een\u00eezma Protestan ve t\u00ea hilwe\u015fandin. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, ew dibe \u00eedeolojiya dewlet\u00ea. Pi\u015ft\u00ee hilwe\u015f\u00eena Romay\u00ea, Papa dibe \u00eemparator.<\/p>\n

Zerde\u015ft bala Nietzsche j\u00ee diki\u015f\u00eene. Ew xwe wek\u00ee “\u015fagirt\u00ea Zerde\u015ft” dide nas\u00een. Alman j\u00ee gelek taybetmendiy\u00ean xwe ji v\u00ea yek\u00ea digirin. Hem\u00fb kes\u00ean ku li dij\u00ee Marks bertek n\u00ee\u015fan didin ji kevne\u015fopiya Nietzsche ne. Di nav de Sartre-\u00ea ekzistansiyal\u00eest j\u00ee, ew dixwazin ti\u015ft\u00ea ku Marks k\u00eamasiya w\u00ea heb\u00fb temam bikin. D\u00eesa, ew hem\u00fb dij-Hegel\u00ee ne. Dikare were gotin ku \u015fizma ku ji h\u00eala Marks ve hat\u00ee afirandin li gor\u00ee \u015fizma ku ji h\u00eala p\u00eanc dibistan\u00ean raman\u00ea y\u00ean Serdema Aksiyal ve hat\u00ee afirandin pir pi\u00e7\u00fbk e. Di d\u00eeroka sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea de, ji sosyal\u00eezma utop\u00eek ber bi sosyal\u00eezma zanist\u00ee ve \u015fizmek heye. Ev \u015fizmek pi\u00e7\u00fbk e. \u015eizma her\u00ee berfireh, ya her\u00ee berfireh kom\u00fbnal\u00eezma ku li dora p\u00eanc dibistan\u00ean raman\u00ea p\u00eak hat e. Ew hem\u00fb kom\u00fbnal\u00eest in, \u00fb jiyana wan j\u00ee wisa ye. Sosyolojiya d\u00eerok\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea heta radeyek\u00ea pir zelal dike.<\/p>\n

Raman\u00ean Yewnan\u00ee sentezek kevne\u015fopiy\u00ean Misr\u00ee \u00fb Zerde\u015ft\u00ee ye. Raman\u00ean Rojavay\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea b\u00eatir p\u00ea\u015f dixin. Raman\u00ean Rojavay\u00ee sentezek ji raman\u00ean Hermet\u00eek \u00fb Zerde\u015ft\u00ee ye. At\u00eena ji Misir \u00fb Medyay\u00ea digire \u00fb senteza xwe diafir\u00eene. Serdem\u00ean Ronesans \u00fb Ronakb\u00eer\u00eey\u00ea v\u00ea yek\u00ea b\u00eatir p\u00ea\u015f dixin, bingeh\u00ean zanista Rojavay\u00ee dat\u00eenin. Zanist \u00fb felsefe ji wir derdikevin.<\/p>\n

9- Demokrasiya At\u00eenay\u00ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00eakiliya di navbera p\u00ea\u015fkeftina ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek \u00fb kast\u00ea de \u00e7i ye? Ar\u00eestokras\u00ee li Yewnanistan\u00ea pir derengtir derket hol\u00ea. Yewnaniyan li Medyay\u00ea di encama \u015fer\u00ean xwe y\u00ean bi e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean Zagros-Toros re li ser v\u00ea pergal\u00ea f\u00ear b\u00fbn. Wan li ser bingeha encam\u00ean ezm\u00fbn\u00ean qism\u00ee li Misr\u00ea \u00fb bi piran\u00ee li Medyay\u00ea teor\u00eeze kirin. Be\u015fdariya Yewnan\u00ee di v\u00ea p\u00eavajoya d\u00eerok\u00ee de gir\u00eeng e. Yewnaniyan li Misir, Mezopotamya \u00fb Sk\u00eetan avahiya ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean pa\u015f\u00ea \u015fopand, l\u00ea \u015f\u00eerovekirinek c\u00fbda p\u00ea\u015f xistin. Li Yewnanistan\u00ea ti\u015ftek m\u00eena kast\u00ea tune ye, l\u00ea di M\u00eeken\u00eeyan de heye ku ji derve \u00e7\u00fbne wir. Serdema Akayan dikare wek\u00ee \u015faristaniyek were \u015f\u00eerove kirin, bi k\u00eaman\u00ee qism\u00ee. \u015earistaniya M\u00eenoy\u00ee li Gir\u00eet\u00ea j\u00ee \u015faristaniyek m\u00eena kast\u00ea ye. N\u00fbner\u00ea daw\u00een \u00ea \u015faristaniya m\u00eena kast\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee M\u00eeken\u00eeyan Akayan in. Homeros v\u00ea yek\u00ea di destan\u00ean xwe de vedib\u00eaje. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku Homeros vedib\u00eaje guhertoya s\u00eayem\u00een a Destana Gilgame\u015f e. Guhertoya duyem\u00een di H\u00eet\u00eetan de ye. J\u00eadera her s\u00ea guhertoyan Destana Gilgame\u015f e. Ji aliyek\u00ee din ve, Yewnaniyan m\u00eerateya Sk\u00eet, Medya, Fen\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb ya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng j\u00ee Misr\u00ea m\u00eeras girtin. \u00ceyonya navendeke pir gir\u00eeng b\u00fb li Rojavay\u00ea Egey\u00ea. Demokrasiya At\u00eenay\u00ea j\u00ee navendeke pir gir\u00eeng b\u00fb. Bi rast\u00ee, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku li At\u00eenay\u00ea qewim\u00ee veguher\u00eenek ji pergala kast\u00ea bo demokrasiy\u00ea b\u00fb. Sparta ku bermahiy\u00ean pergala kast\u00ea ya M\u00eeken\u00ee tems\u00eel dikir, kasta serdema Spartan b\u00fb. Civaka At\u00eenay\u00ea li dij\u00ee pergala kast\u00ea li ber xwe da \u00fb \u015eer\u00ea S\u00ee Salan (431-404 BZ) li dij\u00ee Spartay\u00ea da destp\u00eakirin. Ev \u015fer, ku wek\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea Pelopon\u00easyay\u00ea t\u00ea zan\u00een, \u015fer\u00ea At\u00eenay\u00ea ji bo demokrasiy\u00ea li dij\u00ee pergala kast\u00ea ya Spartan b\u00fb. Ev di heman dem\u00ea de sal\u00ean ku Sokrates \u00fb Platon l\u00ea jiyan bib\u00fbn. Farisan, pi\u015ft\u00ee ku Med t\u00eak birin, gih\u00ee\u015ftin deriy\u00ean At\u00eenay\u00ea j\u00ee. Faris, wek\u00ee \u00e7andeke mezin, li seranser\u00ea Ege \u00fb perav\u00ean w\u00ea belav b\u00fbb\u00fbn. Sal\u00ean 500\u00ee BZ serdema pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ea Faris K\u00eerus b\u00fb. Misir di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de civatek li ser bingeha kast\u00ea b\u00fb. Dema ku Farisan di sala 525\u2019an de \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee Misr\u00ea kirin, serdestiya Kast\u00eek\u00ee h\u00een j\u00ee heb\u00fb. Hem\u00fb van \u015feran bandor li At\u00eenay\u00ea j\u00ee kir \u00fb b\u00fb sedema \u015fikestinek mezin di \u015faristaniya Yewnan\u00ee de. At\u00eenay\u00eeyan n\u00eeqa\u015f kirin: “Gelo div\u00ea em pergala demokrat\u00eek a e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean Medyay\u00ea, an \u015f\u00eawaza Kast\u00eek\u00ee ya ku di qesr\u00ean Misir \u00fb Bab\u00eel\u00ea de hat\u00ee parastin, qeb\u00fbl bikin?” Ji ber ku bermahiy\u00ean M\u00eekenay\u00ee y\u00ean Kast\u00eel\u00ee di \u015faristaniya Yewnan\u00ee de berdewam kirin, rew\u015fek pir nakok derket hol\u00ea. Egeya Rojava her\u00eamek berhemdar e.<\/p>\n

Civaka At\u00eenay\u00ee wek\u00ee civakek cuda di erdn\u00eegariyek\u00ea de ku bazirganiya deryay\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7andin\u00ee li hev diciv\u00een, \u015fikil girt. Ber\u00ea, Sumer li ser zozan\u00ean Kendava Faris\u00ee \u00fb Misir li ser Geliy\u00ea N\u00eel\u00ea b\u00fb. Sparta bajarek\u00ee bejah\u00ee b\u00fb, l\u00ea At\u00eena bajarek\u00ee bender \u00fb deryay\u00ee b\u00fb. Hem\u00fb girav\u00ean Egey\u00ea li ser av\u00ea ne. Her\u00eama li dora \u00e7em\u00ean Gediz \u00fb Buyuk Menderes \u00e7andek \u00e7em\u00ee afirand. Di encam\u00ea de, li vir \u015fikestinek d\u00eerok\u00ee ya s\u00eayem\u00een \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. \u00c7avkaniya sereke ya v\u00ea yek\u00ea pergala Toros-Zagros e. Ev \u00e7avkaniya sereke ya hem\u00fb \u015faristaniyan e. \u015eore\u015fa Neol\u00eet\u00eek \u00fb dij-\u015fore\u015fa w\u00ea, ku li Mezopotamyaya Jor\u00een p\u00ea\u015f ket, daket Mezopotamyaya J\u00ear\u00een, ber bi Ba\u015f\u00fbr ve \u00fb b\u00fb sedema pergala Sumer\u00ee. P\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean \u015faristan\u00ee li Harappa \u00fb Geliy\u00ea \u00cendus\u00ea li n\u00eevgirava Hindistan\u00ea j\u00ee ji v\u00ea \u00e7avkaniya sereke belav b\u00fbn. Xalek gir\u00eeng ev e ku Yewnaniyan bi awayek\u00ee s\u00eestemat\u00eek t\u00eageha dewlet\u00ea di modela Medyay\u00ea de ku wan qeb\u00fbl kirine, bi kar an\u00eene. T\u00eageha dewlet\u00ea wek\u00ee ku em \u00eero bikar t\u00eenin, di w\u00ea serdem\u00ea de k\u00eam-z\u00eade veguheriye teoriyek berbi\u00e7av. Ev j\u00ee modela dewlet\u00ea ye ku di pirt\u00fbka Platon de hatiye vegotin.<\/p>\n

Platon pirt\u00fbkek bi nav\u00ea ‘Komar’ niv\u00eesandiye. Di v\u00ea pirt\u00fbk\u00ea de ku h\u00een j\u00ee di ders\u00ean zanist\u00ean siyas\u00ee de t\u00ea h\u00eenkirin, Platon, bi l\u00eakol\u00eena Misr\u00ea, xwestiye ku li dij\u00ee pergala kast\u00ea \u00fb hi\u015fmendiya w\u00ea hi\u015fmendiyek c\u00fbda biafir\u00eene.<\/p>\n

Her \u00e7end li \u00ceyonyay\u00ea F\u00eelozof\u00ean Xwezay\u00ee heb\u00fbn ku li ser bingeh\u00ean zanist\u00ee xwezay\u00ea dixwend, li At\u00eenay\u00ea, Sokrates bingeha ramana felsef\u00ee li Yewnanistan\u00ea dan\u00ee. Sokrates ew kes e ku Platon an\u00ee dinyay\u00ea. Sokrates ew kes e ku kevne\u015fopiyeke felsef\u00ee ya pir xurt da destp\u00eakirin. Dema ku v\u00ea kevne\u015fopiya felsef\u00ee ya bih\u00eaz da destp\u00eakirin, \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean ku bandor li w\u00ee kirin di ser\u00ee de Medya \u00fb Misir b\u00fbn. Sokrates, wek\u00ee yekem kes\u00ea ku ramana felsef\u00ee s\u00eestemat\u00eeze kir, p\u00eavajoyek j\u00ee da destp\u00eakirin ku b\u00fb sedema mirina w\u00ee. D\u00fbv re At\u00eenay\u00ea wek\u00ee kopiyek demokrasiya Medyay\u00ea derket hol\u00ea. Dema ku Platon li ser dewleta ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek diniv\u00ees\u00ee, ew li ser modelek dewletek\u00ea disekine ku d\u00ea bi l\u00eakol\u00eena s\u00eestema kast\u00ea ya Misr\u00ea ji Misr\u00ea derbas bibe. Reforma sereke ya At\u00eenay\u00ea bi rexnekirina s\u00eestema kast\u00ea ya li Misr\u00ea p\u00eak hat. Kolet\u00ee li At\u00eenay\u00ea gih\u00ee\u015ft l\u00fbtkeya xwe \u00fb dewleta xwed\u00ee koleyan j\u00ee li wir gih\u00ee\u015ft l\u00fbtkey\u00ea. Demokrasiya ku li At\u00eenay\u00ea ji dayik b\u00fb ji aliy\u00ea s\u00eestema kast\u00ea ve t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fb. Ku\u015ftina Sokrates yek ji encam\u00ean traj\u00eek \u00ean v\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea ye. Dewleta At\u00eenay\u00ea ku demokras\u00ee l\u00ea t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fb, wek\u00ee dewletek kole p\u00ea\u015f ket, l\u00ea dewleta kole ya rast\u00een Roma b\u00fb. Romay\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de dewleta kole ya daw\u00ee ya kevnar b\u00fb. Li At\u00eenay\u00ea, dewlet bi away\u00ea xwe y\u00ea her\u00ee temam derket hol\u00ea. Gir\u00eengiya “Komara” Platon ji v\u00ea yek\u00ea derdikeve. H\u00eajay\u00ee l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea ye. Ew bersiv\u00ean li ser ka div\u00ea dewlet \u00e7awa were avakirin \u00fb bir\u00eavebirin dide. ‘F\u00eelozof-pad\u00ee\u015fah’ \u00fb ‘pad\u00ee\u015fah-f\u00eelozof’ di v\u00ea p\u00eavajoy\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee wek\u00ee serwer\u00ean s\u00eestema dewlet\u00ea derdikevin hol\u00ea. S\u00eestema Platon s\u00eestemek dewlet\u00ea ye ku ji \u015f\u00eawaza desthilatdariya kujer a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea derbas dibe. F\u00eelozof\u00ea mezin \u00ea v\u00ea qonax\u00ea di ser\u00ee de Sokrates e. Sokrates ji s\u00eestemeke kujer a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea ber bi s\u00eestemeke ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek ve \u00e7\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea serdema veguh\u00eaz a jiyana xwe de, w\u00ee bingeh\u00ean ramana felsef\u00ee dan\u00ee. Platon, dema ku raman\u00ean xwe ji Sokrates digirt, teoriya dewleta ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek bi tevah\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fxist. Sokrates di l\u00eager\u00eenek mezin de b\u00fb. Pir gir\u00eeng e ku w\u00ee felsefeya xwe li ser pirs\u00ean wek\u00ee “Tu k\u00ee y\u00ee? Tu ji ku t\u00eay\u00ee?” ava kiriye. Ew civak\u00ea bi tevah\u00ee anal\u00eez dike. Hin kes dixwazin w\u00ee bi ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea ve gir\u00eabidin, l\u00ea ne wisa ye. Sokrates f\u00eelozofek veguh\u00eaz e di navbera \u015fikestina kast\u00ea \u00fb dewlet\u00ea de. Wek\u00ee f\u00eelozofek serket\u00ee, w\u00ee cih\u00ea xwe y\u00ea rast di d\u00eerok\u00ea de d\u00eetiye. L\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fkeftina ku w\u00ee peyda kiriye di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya civaka At\u00eenay\u00ea de ye. Ezm\u00fbna demokrat\u00eek a At\u00eenay\u00ea h\u00een j\u00ee di hem\u00ee ders\u00ean zanist\u00ean siyas\u00ee de t\u00ea n\u00eeqa\u015f kirin. Ezm\u00fbna demokrat\u00eek a her\u00ee pesindar \u00fb sereke ya Hannah Arendt At\u00eenay\u00ea ye. Arendt v\u00ea demokrasiy\u00ea heta as\u00eemanan pesn\u00ea xwe dide, \u00fb bi rast\u00ee j\u00ee wisa dike. Pi\u015ft\u00ee fikir\u00een\u00ea, diyar dibe ku ti\u015ft\u00ea ku j\u00ea re demokrasiya At\u00eenay\u00ea t\u00ea gotin serdema veguh\u00eaz a di navbera civaka kast\u00ea \u00fb dewlet\u00ea de tems\u00eel dike. Dema ku h\u00een k\u00fbrtir t\u00ea nih\u00ear\u00een, ew civakek veguh\u00eaz e di navbera kom\u00eenal\u00eetey\u00ea \u00fb civaka kast\u00ea de. Demokrasiya At\u00eenay\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de kom\u00fbnek e.<\/p>\n

Bi rast\u00ee, ew li ser deh kom\u00fbnan bi nav\u00ea ‘Dem’ hatiye avakirin. ‘Dem’ e\u015f\u00eer in, \u00fb nif\u00fbsa At\u00eenay\u00ea li ser van deh e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean li dora w\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00ea. Ji aliyek\u00ee din ve, Sparta heye. At\u00eenay\u00ea li dij\u00ee Spartay\u00ea, ku pir n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee pergala kast\u00ea ye \u00fb ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek b\u00fbye, li ber xwe dide. Bi rast\u00ee, ew ‘Dem’ in ku li ber xwe didin. Ev p\u00eavajoyek veguh\u00eaz e. Per\u00eekles, wek\u00ee r\u00eaveber\u00ea her\u00ee gir\u00eeng \u00ea v\u00ea p\u00eavajoy\u00ea, n\u00fbner\u00ea her\u00ee h\u00eaja y\u00ea At\u00eenay\u00ea ye. Ew r\u00eaber\u00ea demokrat\u00eek \u00ea demokrasiya yekem e. S\u00eestema li ser bingeha komunan li At\u00eenay\u00ea n\u00eev-demokras\u00ee ye. Ew civatek veguh\u00eaz a t\u00eep\u00eek e. Ji aliyek\u00ee ve, demokrasiyek li ser bingeha komunan heye, \u00fb ji aliy\u00ea din ve, hik\u00fbmetek ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek heye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew \u015fop \u00fb n\u00eeqa\u015fek mezin li ser d\u00eerok\u00ea dih\u00eale. Platon modelek dewleta ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek a zexm p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike. Modela dewleta f\u00eelozof-pad\u00ee\u015fah \u00fb pad\u00ee\u015fah-f\u00eelozof n\u00ee\u015fanek v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye. Ar\u00eestoteles v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi h\u00fbrgul\u00eetir rave dike. Ev n\u00eeqa\u015f di dawiy\u00ea de ber bi Rojava ve t\u00eane birin.<\/p>\n

Li Rojava, t\u00eageha ‘demokrasiya burjuva’ ji m\u00eerata At\u00eenay\u00ea t\u00ea hilberandin. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku \u00eero li ser pergala siyas\u00ee ya c\u00eehan\u00ea serdest e j\u00ee m\u00eerata ji serdema At\u00eenay\u00ea ye. Demokrasiya Ewrop\u00ee pir caran li ser bingeha At\u00eenay\u00ea ye, l\u00ea ti\u015ft\u00ea ku li At\u00eenay\u00ea qewim\u00ee ne ezm\u00fbnek demokrat\u00eek a b\u00eak\u00eamas\u00ee b\u00fb. ‘Dem’ nav\u00ea her\u00eamek erdn\u00eegar\u00ee ye, axek li dora At\u00eenay\u00ea ye. Li dora At\u00eenay\u00ea deh her\u00eam\u00ean ‘Dem’ hene. N\u00fbner\u00ean ‘Deman’ t\u00ean At\u00eenay\u00ea \u00fb hik\u00fbmet\u00ea ava dikin. Ev desthilatdariya e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee ye. Her ‘Dem’ e\u015f\u00eerek e. Ar\u00eestokrasiyek heye. Spart\u00ee j\u00ee hene. N\u00fbner\u00ean ‘Deman’ li dij\u00ee ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea t\u00eadiko\u015fin, \u00fb di dawiy\u00ea de, ar\u00eestokras\u00ee bi ser dikeve, \u00fb kom\u00fbn, ango gel, winda dike. Ev ti\u015ft\u00ea ku Arendt j\u00ea re dib\u00eaje “pir balk\u00ea\u015f, bi heybet” e. Li vir, di navbera ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea \u00fb kom\u00fbn\u00ea de pev\u00e7\u00fbnek heye. Heman pev\u00e7\u00fbn li Medyay\u00ea diqewime. Nakokiya li Medyay\u00ea di navbera ar\u00eestokrasiya Faris \u00fb gel\u00ea Medyay\u00ea de ye. Di encama xiyaneta Harpagos de, ar\u00eestokrasiya Faris serdest dibe. Heman rew\u015f li At\u00eenay\u00ea j\u00ee heye, \u00fb kom\u00fbn t\u00eane tasfiyekirin. Wek\u00ee ku me li jor behs kir, Ewropaya serdema nav\u00een bi piran\u00ee kom\u00fbnal b\u00fb. Bi bilindb\u00fbna burjuvaziy\u00ea li Ewropay\u00ea, kom\u00fbn\u00ean li wir j\u00ee t\u00eane tasfiyekirin. Di \u015eore\u015fa Frans\u00ee de, y\u00ean ku wek\u00ee “p\u00ealavp\u00ea\u00e7ay\u00ee” dihatin binavkirin, Komuna Par\u00ees\u00ea ava kirin. Li R\u00fbsyay\u00ea “Sovyet” j\u00ee heb\u00fbn. \u015earedar\u00ee bi rast\u00ee bermahiy\u00ean komunan in. L\u00ea ew, Komuna Par\u00ees\u00ea \u00fb Sovyet hem\u00ee hatin tepeserkirin. Di d\u00eerok\u00ea de s\u00ea form\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean tund\u00fbt\u00fbj\u00ee \u00fb teror\u00ea hene:<\/p>\n

Ya yekem terora kast\u00ea ye. Ew teror\u00ea bi away\u00ea her\u00ee taz\u00ee \u00fb b\u00earehm bikar t\u00eenin da ku xwezaya komunal a e\u015f\u00eeran bi\u015fk\u00eenin \u00fb li gor\u00ee berjewendiy\u00ean xwe formek civak\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f bixin. Ew veguheztina \u00e7andin\u00ee \u00fb jiyana bic\u00eehb\u00fby\u00ee ferz dikin. Ew mirovan ne\u00e7ar dikin ku di wan perestgehan de bixebitin. Dema ku ew hewce dib\u00eenin, ew mirovan qurban dikin. Bi rast\u00ee, qurbaniya mirovan di damezrandina hem\u00ee dewlet\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een de heb\u00fb. Ev di hem\u00ee r\u00eaxistin\u00ean dewlet\u00ea de qa\u00eedeyek b\u00fbye. Destdir\u00eajiya kast\u00ea li ser hi\u015f, dil \u00fb keda mirovahiy\u00ea bi G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepe dest p\u00ea dike \u00fb heya roja \u00eero j\u00ee berdewam dike. Ew be\u015fa ku teror\u00ea her\u00ee b\u00earehm bikar t\u00eene ye. Heta gotina “Xwed\u00ea jiyan\u00ea digire, Xwed\u00ea jiyan\u00ea dide” j\u00ee bal\u00ea diki\u015f\u00eene ser kast \u00fb xwezaya w\u00ea. Ya duyem\u00een ji 2000 BZ ye… Ya yekem terora ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek e, ku li dora 3000 BZ gih\u00ee\u015ftiye l\u00fbtkey\u00ea. P\u00ea\u015f\u00ee li gundan belav b\u00fb, pa\u015f\u00ea li tevahiya c\u00eehan\u00ea, serdestiya xwe ava kir. V\u00ea kom\u00ea hewl da ku kiryar\u00ean xwe bi r\u00eaya teolojiy\u00ea rewa bike. Bi xwed\u00eekirina \u00e7ek \u00fb teknolojiya her\u00ee bibandor, wan teror bi awayek\u00ee b\u00earehm \u00fb tirsnak li ser asteke berfireh bi kar an\u00een.<\/p>\n

Ya s\u00eayem\u00een j\u00ee z\u00eehniyeta bingeh\u00een a el\u00eeta bajar\u00ee an burjuvaziy\u00ea ye, ku pi\u015ft\u00ee Serdema Aksiyal wek\u00ee dijwariyek mezin ji bo v\u00ea avahiya ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek p\u00ea\u015f ket. Ev ew serdem e ku tevahiya civak\u00ea rast\u00ee zextek mezin hat, \u00fb teror bi away\u00ea xwe y\u00ea her\u00ee berfireh \u00fb nazik li dij\u00ee mirovahiy\u00ea, xwezay\u00ea \u00fb zindiy\u00ean din hat bikar an\u00een.<\/p>\n

Li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea, \u015fikestina yekem di nav pergala kast\u00ea de ji h\u00eala ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea ve \u00fb ya duyem\u00een j\u00ee ji h\u00eala burjuvaziy\u00ea ve hat afirandin. Burjuvaz\u00ee ji tuneb\u00fbn\u00ea derneket; ew ji ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea derket. Ar\u00eestokras\u00ee b\u00fb burjuvaz. P\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean wan bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Ev rew\u015f li Amsterdam \u00fb London\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Serf hatin rakirin \u00fb veguhertin karkeran. S\u00eestemek \u00eest\u00eesmar\u00ea ya bibandortir hat damezrandin. Li R\u00fbsyay\u00ea, M\u00eer kom\u00fbn b\u00fbn. Ji Marks hat pirs\u00een, “Gelo gengaz e ku meriv rasterast ji M\u00eerek\u00ee ber bi sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea ve bi\u00e7e?” Pirsa ku t\u00ea pirs\u00een “Ma em?” e. Marks v\u00ea yek\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee er\u00ean\u00ee dib\u00eene. Ev yek balk\u00ea\u015f e. Ew dib\u00eaje ku veguher\u00eenek ji M\u00eer bo sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea b\u00eay\u00ee ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm j\u00ee bicerib\u00eene mimkun e. Nirxandina Marks rast e l\u00ea ne temam e. W\u00ee ji \u00e7\u00een\u00ea derbas neb\u00fbye, \u00fb w\u00ee ev rew\u015f ji perspekt\u00eefek \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ve gir\u00eadaye. Engels hewl dide ku ti\u015ftek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f bixe l\u00ea bi ser nakeve. Kropotkin bi prat\u00eek\u00ee ji Len\u00een lava dike ku Sovyetan belav neke. L\u00ea Len\u00een ber\u00ea xwe dide dewlet\u00ea \u00fb Sovyetan belav dike. Ev cotkar\u00ean ku Stal\u00een bi wan re t\u00eadiko\u015fe ne, m\u00eena ku monar\u015fiy\u00ea komun\u00eest hilwe\u015fand.<\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 1 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 2 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Navenda L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean Stratej\u00eek A Kurdistan\u00ea<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

DILEMA KOM\u00dbN \u00db DEWLET\u00ca DI CIVAKA D\u00ceROK\u00ce DE 1- Kasta Kujer\u00ea Civak\u00ee D\u00eerok ne d\u00eeroka t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ye, d\u00eeroka t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean kom\u00fbn-dewlet\u00ea ye. Del\u00eel\u00ean berhevkir\u00ee y\u00ean berbi\u00e7av hene ku d\u00eerok bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee ye ku pir bi wate ye. Teoriya t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee hem di teor\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee di prat\u00eek\u00ea de bi tevah\u00ee t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbye. Sosyal\u00eezma […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16431,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","jnews_video_option_group":[[]],"override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"archive-right","second_sidebar":"archive-right","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"float","share_float_style":"share-normal","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","show_zoom_button":"1","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","show_comment_section":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_post_related":"1"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":"Pirsgir\u00eaka bingeh\u00een a xwezaya duyem\u00een ew \u015fikestina d\u00eerok\u00ee ye ku dema ku r\u00eaziknameya civak\u00ee ya li dora jina dayik ava dibe ji h\u00eala kom\u00ean kujer \u00ean m\u00eena kast\u00ea y\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve serdest in ve t\u00ea \u00ear\u00ee\u015f kirin, derdikeve hol\u00ea."},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[3961,1105,4253,637,4630,4629,4284,4620,951],"class_list":["post-16430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozgurluk-perspektifleri","tag-civak","tag-desthilatdari","tag-dewlet","tag-dirok","tag-hesmendi","tag-komin","tag-manifesto","tag-wate","tag-zihniyet"],"acf":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16430"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16430\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16434,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16430\/revisions\/16434"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16431"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}